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f ( x h) f ( x )
f `( x) lim
h0
h
y
Q
f ( x h) f ( x )
P f ( x h) f ( x )
h mPQ
h
x x+h x
y dy
Leibniz Notation: f `( x) lim
ho x
dx
Differentiation from first principles
f ( x h) f ( x )
f `( x) lim
h0 h
( x h) 2 x 2
lim
h 0 h
x 2 2 xh h 2 x 2 2 xh h 2 h(2 x h)
lim lim lim
h 0 h0 h h0 h
h
lim(2 x h)
h0
As h 0, f `( x) 2 x
f `(5) 10
2. From first principles determine f `( x) when f ( x) x3 2
f ( x h) f ( x )
f `( x) lim
h0 h
( x h)3 2 ( x 3 2)
lim
h 0 h
x3 3 x 2 h 3xh 2 h3 2 x3 2 3 x 2 h 3xh 2 h3
lim lim
h0 h0 h
h
h(3x 2 3xh h 2 )
lim
h0 h
lim(3x 2 3xh h2 )
h0
As h 0, f `( x) 3x 2
f `( x) 3x 2
Further practice on page 29 Exercise 1A
Questions 1, 4, 5 and 7
TJ Exercise 1
y
y = tan(x).
Here, tan(x) has ‘breaks’ in the graph where
x the gradient is undefined
TJ Exercise 1
Differentiation reminder:
Page 32 Exercise 3A Questions 1(a), (d), 2(a), (c), (d) 3(a), 4(a), 6(a)
TJ Exercise 2
TJ Exercise 3
The Product Rule
If k ( x) f ( x).g ( x) , then:
k `( x) f `( x) g ( x) g `( x) f ( x)
dy df dg dy
.g ( x ) . f ( x ) OR f `g g ` f
dx dx dx dx
1. Differentiate y x 2 sin x
f ( x) x 2 g ( x) sin x
f `( x) 2 x g `( x) cos x
dy
f `g g ` f
dx
2 x sin x x 2 cos x
2. Differentiate y ( x 3)4 ( x 3)5
f ( x) ( x 3)4 g ( x) ( x 3)5
f `( x) 4( x 3)3 g `( x) 5( x 3)4
dy
f `g g ` f
dx
4( x 3)3 ( x 3)5 5( x 3)4 ( x 3)4
f ( x) x 2 g ( x) ( x 1)3 h( x) sin x
f `( x) 2 x g `( x) 3( x 1)2 h`( x) cos x
Let y f .( g.h)
dy
f `( g .h) ( g .h)` f
dx
f `( g.h) f ( g `h h`g ) f `.g.h f .h.g ` f .g.h`
TJ Exercise 4
The Quotient Rule
f ( x)
If k ( x) , then:
g ( x)
f `( x) g ( x) g `( x) f ( x)
k `( x)
( g ( x)) 2
df dg
.g ( x ) . f ( x )
dy dx
dx dy f `g g ` f
OR
dx ( g ( x)) 2 dx g2
d x3
1. Find
dx sin x
f ( x) x 3 g ( x) sin x
f `( x) 3x 2 g `( x) cos x
dy f `g g ` f
dx g2
3x 2 sin x x 3 cos x
sin 2 x
TJ Exercise 5
Sec, Cosec, cot and tan
1
sec x the secant of x
cos x
1
cos ec x the cosecant of x
sin x
1
cot x the cotangent of x
tan x
Unlike the sine and cosine functions, the graphs of sec and cosec
functions have ‘breaks’ in them.
y y y
6 6 6
5 5 5
4 4 4
3 3 3
2 2 2
1 1 1
1 2 3 4 5 6 x 1 2 3 4 5 6 x 1 2 3 4 5 6 x
– 1 – 1 – 1
– 2 – 2 – 2
– 3 – 3 – 3
– 4 – 4 – 4
– 5 – 5 – 5
– 6 – 6 – 6
In general, sec x is undefined for x n
2
also cos ec x is undefined for x n
In general, sec x is undefined for x n
2
1 1
sec undefined
2 cos 0
2
d d sin x
tan x (quotient rule)
dx dx cos x
sec2 x
cos x 1 1
.
sin x sin x sin 2 x
cos ec x cot x cosec2 x
Exponential and Logarithmic functions
dy
If y e x
then ex
dx
dy 1
If y log e x then x0
dx x
Proof 1. f ( x) a x
f ( x h) f ( x )
f `( x) lim
h0 h
a xh a x
lim
h0 h h
a x a h 1 a 0.1 0.01 0.001 0.0001 0.00001 0.000001
lim 1 0 0 0 0 0 0
h0 h 1.5 0.413797 0.406288 0.405547 0.405473 0.405466 0.405465
lim a x lim
1
a h 2
2.5
0.717735 0.695555 0.693387 0.693171 0.69315 0.693147
2.718281
1
1.051709 1.005016 1.0005 1.00005 1.000005 1
h 3
a 1.161232 1.104669 1.099216 1.098673 1.098618 1.098613
deln x dx
Using the chain rule.
dx dx
eln x .d ln x
1
dx
d ln x
e
ln x
1
dx
d 1
ln x ln x
dx e
d 1
ln x
dx x
d 3x
1. Find e
dx
d 3x
e 3e3 x
dx
d x
2. Find xe
dx
d x
xe e x xe x e x (1 x)
dx
d
3. Find ln 3 x
dx
d 1 1
ln 3 x .3
dx 3x x
d ln x
4. Find
dx x 2
1 2
x 2 x ln x
d ln x x
2
dx x x4
x 2 x ln x
x4
1 2ln x
x3
Higher derivatives
Function 1st derivative 2nd Derivative………..nth Derivative
f ( x) f '( x) f ''( x) f n ( x)
y dy d2y dny
dx dx 2 dx n
1. y 3x 4
dy
12 x 3
dx
d2y
36 x 2
dx 2
d3y
3
72 x etc. etc. etc.
dx
Page 43 Exercise 8A Questions 1(b), (d), 2(b), (c), (d), 3(a), (b),(c).
4(d), (e), 5(a), (c), (e), 6(b), (c),(e)
TJ Exercise 6
dv d 2x
a 2
dt dt
(a) How far from the origin is the particle at the start of
observation?
(b) Calculate the velocity and acceleration of the particle after 3
seconds.
Hence the particle is 5m from the origin at the start of the observation.
dx
(b) v 12t 2 2 v(3) 12 9 2 106ms 1
dt
d 2x a(3) 24 3 72ms 2
a 2 24t
dt
A body travels along a straight line such that
S = t3 – 6t2 + 9t + 1,
where S represents its displacement in metres from the origin after
observation began.
(a) Find when (i) the velocity and (ii) the acceleration is zero.
(b) When is the distance S increasing?
(c) When is the velocity of the body decreasing?
(d) Describe the motion of the particle during the first 4 seconds of
observation.
ds
(a) v 3t 2 12t 9 Let v 0
dt
3t 2 12t 9 0
3(t 2 4t 3) 0
3(t 1)(t 3) 0 t 1 or t 3
d 2s
(ii ) a 2 6t 12 Let a 0
dt
6t 12
t2
t 1 t 3
4
3
2
1
– 5 – 4 – 3 – 2 –– 11 1 2 3 4 5 x
– 2
– 3
– 4
– 5
Hence the distance S is increasing when t < 1 and when t > 3 seconds.
d 2s t 2
(c) V is decreasing when 2
0 6t 12 0
dt
TJ Exercise 7.
Extreme Values of a Function
(Extrema)
Critical Points
x2 2 x 1 3
f ( x) x 1 x 2
2
1 1
x 1 2 x 4
2
– 2 – 1 1 2 3 4 x
– 1
Domain [2, 4) – 2
2 x 2 x 1
f `( x) 1 1 x 2
1
2 x4
2
x2 2 x 1 2 x 2 x 1
f ( x) x 1 x 2 f `( x) 1 1 x 2
1 1
x 1 2 x 4 2 x4
2 2
y
Critical points are:
5
A 4
A (-2,4) f `(-2) does not exist.
E (Right differentiable at x = -2)
3
2
D B (0,0) f `(0) = 0. (Turning point)
1 C C (1,1) f `(1) does not exist. Left
– 2 – 1 x derivative =2, right derivative = 1
B 1 2 3 4
– 1
D (2,2) f `(2) does not exist. Left
– 2
derivative = 1, right derivative = 0.5
x2 2x 3 x 1
3
3
f ( x) x 1 x 1 2
2 x 2 8 x 5 1 x 3
1
Domain [3,3)
– 3 – 2 – 1 1 2 3 x
– 1
– 2
3 is the local maximum value
-1 is the local minimum value
If extrema occurs at end points then they are end point maximums or
end point minimums.
In short,
TJ Exercise 8
Optimisation Problems
Optimisation problems appear in many guises – often in the context
in which they are set can be somewhat misleading.
16 – 2x x
x
10 – 2x
v lbh
(16 2x )(10 2x )x
dV
4 x 3 52x 2 160 x (max / min V occurs when = 0)
dx
V 4 x 3 52x 2 160 x
dV
12 x 2 104 x 160 0 for s.p.
dx
x 2, or 6 2
3
d 2V d 2v
2
24 x 104 When x 2, 2
0
dx dx
maximum volume at x 2
Hence the cut out squares should be 2cm in length.
Page 63 Exercise 4A. Note Question 8 can’t be done but try to
prove me wrong!!
TJ Exercise 9