PLANE GEOMETRY

TRIANGLE
 is a closed figure bounded by three straight lines called sides
Given the base and the altitude:
1
A = bh
2
Given two sides and included angle
1
A = absinθ
2
Given three sides (Heron’s Formula):
a+b+c
A = s(s − a)(s − b)(s − c) ; s =
2
Given one side and three angles:
b2
A= sinAsinC
2sinB
CENTERS OF A TRIANGLE
 Incenter
 Circumcenter
 Orthocenter
 Centroid
INCENTER
 center of the inscribed
circle (incircle) of the
triangle
 point of intersection of the
angle bisectors of the
triangle Radius of the incircle:
At
r=
s
CIRCUMCENTER
 center of the
circumscribing circle
(circumcircle) of the
triangle
 point of intersection
of the perpendicular
bisectors of the Radius of the circumcircle:
abc
triangle r=
4At
ORTHOCENTER
 point of intersection of the altitudes of the triangle
CENTROID
 point of intersection of the medians of the triangle
EULER’S LINE
 line that would pass through the orthocenter,
circumcenter, and centroid of the triangle
MEDIAN OF A TRIANGLE
 a line from a vertex to the midpoint of the opposite side

4mA = 2(b2 +c 2 ) − a2

4mB = 2(a2 +c 2 ) − b2

4mC = 2(a2 +b2 ) − c 2

ANGLE BISECTOR OF A TRIANGLE
 a line that divides equally one included angle

2 bcs(s − a)
bA =
b+c
2 acs(s − b)
bB =
a+c
2 abs(s − c)
bC =
a+b
QUADRILATERAL
 is a polygon of four sides and four vertices
 also called as tetragon or quadrangle
 the sum of interior angles is 360 degrees
THE GENERAL QUADRILATERAL
Perimeter:
P=a+b+c+d

Area:
A = s − a s − b s − c s − d − abcdcos 2 φ
a+b+c+d
s=
2
1 1
φ = A + C = (B + D)
2 2

1
A = d1 d2 sinθ
2
COMMON QUADRILATERALS
 Square
 Rectangle
 Rhombus
 Parallelogram
 Trapezoid
SQUARE
Area:
A = a2

Perimeter:
P = 4a

Diagonal:
d=a 2
RECTANGLE
Area:
A = ab

Perimeter:
P = 2(a + b)

Diagonal:
d = a2 + b 2
RHOMBUS
Area:
A = a2 sinθ = ah
Perimeter:
P = 4a
Shorter Diagonal:
d = a 2 − 2cosθ
Longer Diagonal:
d = a 2 + 2cosθ
PARALLELOGRAM
Area:
A = absinθ = bh
Perimeter:
P = 2(a + b)
Shorter Diagonal:
d = a2 + b 2 − 2abcosθ
Longer Diagonal:
d = a2 + b 2 + 2abcosθ
TRAPEZOID
Area:
1
A= a+b h
2

If median is given:
A = mh
CYCLIC QUADRILATERAL
 all vertices lie on a circle
 sum of opposite angles is 180 degrees
A + C = 180°
B + D = 180°

Area:
A = (s − a)(s − b)(s − c)(s − d)
PTOLEMY’S THEOREM
For any cyclic quadrilateral, the product of the diagonals is
equal to the sum of the products of non-adjacent sides.

d1 d2 = ac + bd
THE POLYGON
 closed plane figure bounded by straight lines
 two basic types: convex and concave
CONVEX POLYGON
 Sum of interior angles

෍ β = 180°(n − 2)

 Sum of exterior angles

 Number of diagonals ෍ α = 360°

n
D = (n − 3)
2
REGULAR POLYGON
 polygons with all sides equal (equilateral) and all included
angles equal (equiangular)
REGULAR POLYGON
Area of one segment:
1
A1 = xr
2
1 2
A1 = R sinθ
2
Total Area: Perimeter:
A = nA1 P = nx
n 2
A = R sinθ
2
REGULAR POLYGON
Interior angle:
n−2
β = 180°
n
β = 180° − α

Central angle: Exterior angle:

360° α=θ
θ=
n
THE CIRCLE
Area of the circle:
A = πr 2
1 2
A = πd
4

Circumference of the circle:

C = 2πr
C = πd
SECTOR OF A CIRCLE
Length of arc:
s = rθrad

Area of the sector:

πr 2 θdeg
A=
360°
1 2
A = r θrad
2
1
A = sr
2
SEGMENT OF A CIRCLE
1
Area s < C :
2
A = Asector − Atriangle
1 2
A = r (θrad − sinθdeg )
2
1
Area s > C :
2
A = Asector + Atriangle
1 2
A = r (αrad + sinθdeg )
2
PROBLEM 1
A decagon has how many diagonals?
n
D= n−3
2
10
D= 10 − 3
2
𝐃 = 𝟑𝟓 (𝐚𝐧𝐬𝐰𝐞𝐫)
PROBLEM 2
What is the number of the sides of the polygon if the sum of
the measures of the angles of a convex polygon is 900?

෍ β = 180°(n − 2)

900° = 180°(n − 2)
𝐧 = 𝟕 (𝐚𝐧𝐬𝐰𝐞𝐫)
PROBLEM 3
How many sides are in a polygon if each interior angle is 165
degrees?
n−2
β = 180°
n
n−2
165° = 180°
n
𝐧 = 𝟐𝟒 (𝐚𝐧𝐬𝐰𝐞𝐫)
PROBLEM 4
Find the area of a regular pentagon whose side is 25
m and apothem is 17.2 m.
n
A = xr
2
5
A = (25)(17.2)
2
𝟐
𝐀 = 𝟏𝟎𝟕𝟓 𝐦 (𝐚𝐧𝐬𝐰𝐞𝐫)
PROBLEM 5
Find the area of a regular hexagon inscribed in a circle
of radius 1.
n 2 360° 360°
A = R sinθ θ= = = 60°
2 n 6
6
A = (1)2 sin60°
2
𝐀 = 𝟐. 𝟓𝟗𝟖 (𝐚𝐧𝐬𝐰𝐞𝐫)
PROBLEM 6
The length of a side of a rhombus is 5 cm. If its shorter
diagonal is of length 6 cm, what is the area of the
rhombus?
x 2
3 cm 52 = 32 +
x/2
2
5 cm
x = 8 cm
x/2
3 cm 1
𝐴 = 6 8 = 𝟐𝟒 𝐜𝐦𝟐 (𝐚𝐧𝐬𝐰𝐞𝐫)
2
PROBLEM 7
The perimeter of a circular sector, whose central angle is
60 degrees is 14 ft. Find the radius of the circle?
P = s + 2r = rθrad + 2r
π
14 = r 60 × + 2r
180°
𝐫 = 𝟒. 𝟔 𝐟𝐭 (𝐚𝐧𝐬𝐰𝐞𝐫)
PROBLEM 8
The perimeter of a sector is 8 cm and its angle is 2 radians, what is the
area of the sector in cm2?
P = rθrad + 2r
8 = 2r + 2r
r = 2 cm
1 2 1 2
A = r θrad = 2 2
2 2
𝐀 = 𝟒 𝐜𝐦𝟐 (𝐚𝐧𝐬𝐰𝐞𝐫)
PROBLEM 9
The front wheel of a bicycle has a diameter of 50 cm.
Approximately how many times has the front wheel
turned if the bicycles has travelled 1 km?
Total distance travelled = Circumference × no. of turns
1000 100
1 = π 50 n
1 1
𝐧 = 𝟐𝟎𝟎𝟎/𝛑
PROBLEM 10
Which of the following is the circumference of the circle whose
area is equal to the area of a square whose perimeter is 49
inches?
Ps = 4a = 49 r = 6.911 in
49 C = 2π 6.911
a= in 𝐂 = 𝟒𝟑. 𝟒𝟐𝟑 𝐢𝐧 (𝐚𝐧𝐬𝐰𝐞𝐫)
4
2
49
As = = πr 2
4
SOLID GEOMETRY
SOLIDS IN WHICH V = ABASE X H
 group of solids in which the volume is equal to the product of
the area of the base and the altitude
 two types: prisms and cylinders

Volume:
V = Ab h
THE PRISM
 a polyhedron in which two faces are equal polygons in parallel
planes, and all other faces are parallelogram
 two types: oblique and right Volume:
V = AR L
V = Ab h

Total Surface Area:

A = Ab + AL
AL = PR L
ELEMENTS OF A PRISM
CUBE
 one of the “Platonic Solids” and is called regular hexahedron
 a polyhedron whose six faces are all squares

Volume: Face Diagonal:

V = a3 d=a 2

Total Surface Area: Space Diagonal:

A = 6a2 s=a 3
RECTANGULAR PARALLELIPED
 a prism in which all faces are rectangles
 two opposite faces are congruent rectangles
Volume: Space Diagonal:
V = abc s = a2 + b 2 + c 2

Total Surface Area:

A = 2(ab + bc + ac)
THE CYLINDER
 solid bounded by a closed cylindrical surface and two parallel
planes
 two types: oblique and right Volume:
V = AR L
V = Ab h

Total Surface Area:

A = Ab + AL
AL = PR L
AL = Pb h
ELEMENTS OF A CYLINDER
RIGHT CIRCULAR CYLINDER
 a cylinder whose base is a circle and whose elements are
perpendicular to its base

Volume: Total Area:

V = Ab h A = 2Ab + AL
V = πr 2 h Ab = πr 2
π 2 AL = 2πrh
V= d h
4
SOLIDS IN WHICH V = (1/3) ABASE X H
 group of solids in which the volume is equal to one-third of the
product of the area of the base and the altitude
 two types: pyramids and cones

Volume:
1
V = Ab h
3
THE CONE
 solid bounded by a conical surface and a fixed plane curve
(directrix)
 two types: oblique and right

Volume:
1
V = Ab h
3
THE RIGHT CIRCULAR CONE
 a circular cone whose axis is perpendicular to its base
Volume:
1 2
V = πr h
3
Total Surface Area:
A = πr 2 + πrL
Relationship between the
radius, height, and slant height:
r 2 + h2 = L2
THE PYRAMID
 polyhedron with polygon base of any shape
 all faces are triangles with common vertex

Volume:
1
V = Ab h
3
REGULAR PYRAMID
 a pyramid whose base is a regular polygon
 one whose center coincides with the foot of the perpendicular line
dropped from the vertex to the base
Volume:
1
V = Ab h
3
THE REGULAR TETRAHEDRON
 a triangular pyramid whose faces are all equilateral triangles

Volume:
a3 2
V=
12

Total Area:
A = a2 3
FRUSTUM
 a portion of pyramid or cone included between the base and
the section parallel to the base not passing through the vertex

Volume:
1
V = h A1 + A2 + A1 A2
3
THE SPHERE
 a solid bounded by closed surface every point of which is
equidistant from a fixed point called the center
Volume:
4 3
V = πR
3

Total Area:
A = 4πR2
SPHERICAL SEGMENT (TWO BASES)
 a solid bounded by two parallel planes through a sphere
Volume:
1
V = πh 3a2 + 3b2 + h2
6

Total Area:
A = 2πRh + π(a2 +b2 )
Azone = 2πRh
SPHERICAL SEGMENT (ONE BASE)
 a solid bounded by two parallel planes through a sphere
Volume:
1 2
a V = πh 3R − h
3

Total Area:
A = 2πRh + πa2
Azone = 2πRh
SPHERICAL WEDGE AND LUNE
 A spherical wedge is a solid formed by revolving a semi-circle
about its diameter by less than 360°.
 A spherical lune is a solid formed by revolving a semi-circle
about its diameter by less than 360°. It is the curved surface on
the wedge.
SPHERICAL WEDGE AND LUNE
Volume of the Wedge:
2 3
V = R θrad
3

Surface Area of the Lune:

A = 2R2 θrad
REGULAR POLYHEDRON
 Regular Polyhedrons are polyhedrons whose faces are
equal regular polygons, and all whose polyhedral angles
are equal.
 Also known as Platonic Solids.
Polyhedron Faces Vertices Edges Volume Face Type
Tetrahedron 4 4 6 2 3 Triangle
a
12
Hexahedron 6 8 12 a3 Square
Octahedron 8 6 12 2 3 Triangle
a
3
Dodecahedron 12 20 30 7.66a3 Pentagon
Icosahedron 20 12 30 2.18a3 Triangle

Total Surface Area = No. of Faces × Face Area

No. of Faces + No. of Vertices = No. of Edges + 2 (by Euler)
SIMILAR SOLIDS
 Two surfaces or solids are similar if any two
corresponding sides or planes are proportional.
SIMILAR SOLIDS
 The areas of similar surfaces A1 & A2 have the same
ratio as the squares of any corresponding lines x1 & x2

2
A2 x2
=
A1 x1
SIMILAR SOLIDS
 The volumes of similar solids V1 & V2 have the same
ratio as the cubes of any corresponding lines x1 & x2

3
V2 x2
=
V1 x1
SIMILAR SOLIDS
 Relationship between the areas and volumes of similar
solids:

V2 2 A2 3
=
V1 A1
3 2
V2 A2 2 A2 V2 3
= or =
V1 A1 A1 V1
PROBLEM 11
Find the length of the diagonal of a cube of edge a.

𝐒 = 𝐚 𝟑 (𝐚𝐧𝐬𝐰𝐞𝐫)
PROBLEM 12
How many square yards of canvass will be required to make a conical
tent 15 ft high and 18 ft in diameter if 10 percent of the material is
wasted?
r 2 + h2 = L2 A = πrL
2 18
18 A = π 3 34 = 494.6 ft 2
+ 152 = L2 2
2 2
2
1 yd
L = 3 34 ft 0.9Acanvass = 494.6 ft
3 ft
𝐀𝐜𝐚𝐧𝐯𝐚𝐬𝐬 = 𝟔𝟏 𝐬𝐪 𝐲𝐝 (𝐚𝐧𝐬𝐰𝐞𝐫)
PROBLEM 13
A large 15 m diameter cylindrical tank sits on the ground, is to be painted. If
one liter of paint covers 10 m2 , how many liters are required if it is 10 m
high? ( include the top)
A = πr 2 + 2πrh
2
15 15
A=π + 2π 10 = 648 m2
2 2
2
1L
Vpaint = 648 m 2
= 64.8 L ≈ 𝟔𝟓 𝐋 (𝐚𝐧𝐬𝐰𝐞𝐫)
10 m
PROBLEM 14
The volume of water in a hemisphere having a radius of 2 m
is 2.05 m3. Find the height of the water.
1 2
V = πh 3R − h
3 2m
1 2
2.05 = πh (3 2 − h)
3
𝐡 = 𝟎. 𝟔𝟎𝟐 𝐦 (𝐚𝐧𝐬𝐰𝐞𝐫) h
PROBLEM 15
A hemispherical bowl of radius 10 cm is filled with water to depth
of 5 cm. Find the volume of the water.
1 2
V = πh 3R − h
3
1 10 cm
V = π(5)2 (3 10 − h)
3
𝟔𝟐𝟓
𝐕= 𝛑 𝐜𝐦𝟑 (𝐚𝐧𝐬𝐰𝐞𝐫) 5 cm
𝟑
PROBLEM 16
What is the area of a lune whose angle is 800 on a
sphere of radius 60 cm?
2
A = 2R θrad
𝜋
A = 2 60 2 80° ×
180°
𝐀 = 𝟑𝟐𝟎𝟎𝛑 𝐬𝐪. 𝐜𝐦 (𝐚𝐧𝐬𝐰𝐞𝐫)
PROBLEM 17
The volume of a spherical segment, with the two bases equal
to 159 . If the radii of the bases are 4 m and 5 m
respectively, find the value of the altitude h.
1
V = πh 3a2 + 3b2 + h2
6
1
159π = πh 3(4)2 +3(5)2 +h2
6
𝐡 = 𝟔 𝐦 (𝐚𝐧𝐬𝐰𝐞𝐫)
PROBLEM 18
A wedge is cut from a cylinder of radius 3 cm by two planes , one
perpendicular to the axis of cylinder and the other passing through the
diameter of the section made by the first plane and inclined to this plane at
an angle of 45 degrees. Find the volume of the wedge.

1
V = h(A1 + A2 + 4Am )
6
PROBLEM 18
d
tan45° =
R
d = 3 1 = 3cm
1
Am = Rd
2 d
1
Am = 3 3 = 4.5 sq cm
2 R 45°
1 R R
V = h A1 + A2 + 4Am ; h = 2R
6
1
V = (2)(3)(0 + 0 + 4(4.5))
6
𝐕 = 𝟏𝟖 𝐜𝐮. 𝐜𝐦 (𝐚𝐧𝐬𝐰𝐞𝐫)
PROBLEM 19
A tank is in the form of a paraboloid of revolution. If it is filled
with water to a height of 5 cm and the diameter of the circular
section at the water surface is 3 cm, find the weight of water in
the tank.
1 2
V = πr h m = ρV; ρwater = 1 g/cm 3
2
2 m = 1 17.7
1 3
V= π 5 = 17.7 cm3 𝐦 = 𝟏𝟕. 𝟕 𝐠 (𝐚𝐧𝐬𝐰𝐞𝐫)
2 2
PROBLEM 20
Find the surface area of a regular icosahedron when
each edge is of length 5.
Total Surface Area = No. of Faces × Face Area
𝑎2 3 52 3
𝐴𝑓 = = = 10.825
4 4
𝐀𝐓 = 𝟐𝟎 𝟏𝟎. 𝟖𝟐𝟓 = 𝟐𝟏𝟔. 𝟓 (𝐚𝐧𝐬𝐰𝐞𝐫)
PROBLEM 21
If the edge of the cube is decreased by 10 %, by what percent is
the surface area decreased?
x2 = x1 − 0.1x1 = 0.9x1
x2 A2
= 0.9; = 0.92 = 0.81
x1 A1
A2
%DecreaseArea = − 1 × 100% = 0.81 − 1 × 100%
A1
%𝐃𝐞𝐜𝐫𝐞𝐚𝐬𝐞𝐀𝐫𝐞𝐚 = 𝟏𝟗% (𝐚𝐧𝐬𝐰𝐞𝐫)
PROBLEM 21
If the surface area of the sphere is increased by 30 %, by what
percent is the volume of the sphere increased?
A2 = A1 + 0.3A1 = 1.3A1
A2 V2 3
= 1.3; = 1.32 = 1.4822
A1 V1
V2
%IncreaseVolume = − 1 × 100% = 1.4822 − 1 × 100%
V1
%𝐈𝐧𝐜𝐫𝐞𝐚𝐬𝐞𝐕𝐨𝐥𝐮𝐦𝐞 = 𝟒𝟖. 𝟐𝟐% (𝐚𝐧𝐬𝐰𝐞𝐫)