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Music of Africa

African music has been a collective result


from the cultural and musical diversity of the
more than 50 countries of the continent. The
organization of this is a colonial legacy from
European rule whose vastness has enabled it
to incorporate its music with language,
environment, political developments,
immigration and cultural diversity.
Traditional Music of Africa
- Functional in nature
1.Used for ceremonial rites
2.Work-related
3.Social in nature
4.Entertainment
1.Afrobeat – used to describe the fusion of West
african with black American music
2.Apala ( Akpala) –a musical genre from Nigeria (to
wake up the worshippers after fasting during Ramadan
3.Axe – a music that fuses the Afro –Carribean styles of
marcha,reggae and calypso.
4.Jit – a hard and percussive Zimbabwen dance music
5.Jive – a South African music featuring a lively and
uninhibited variation of the jitterbug.
6. Juju – a musical style from Nigeria that relies on the
traditional Yoruba rhythms.
7. Kwasa Kwasa – a dance style that begun
in Zaire.(the hips move back and forth while
the arms move following the hips
8.Marabi – a South African three-chord
township music of the 1930-1960’s which
evolved into African jazz.It is characterized
by simple chords in varying vamping
patterns and repetitive harmony.
Latin American Music influenced by African Music
• 1.Reggae – a Jamaican sound dominated by bass guitar and drums.
- it was strongly influenced by traditional mento and calypso music, American
jazz, rhythm and blues.It’s most recognizable musical elements are its offbeat
rhythm and staccato chords.
• 2.Salsa – Cuban,Puerto Rican and Colombian dance music
• 3.Samba – a Brazilian music
- a lively and rhythmical dance and music with three steps to every bar.
• 4. Soca- a music that originated in Trinidad and Tobago.
• 5. Were – a Muslim music performed often as a wake-up call for early breakfast
and prayers during Ramadan.
6. Zouk –a fast carnival –like music originating in Guadaloupe and Martinique
(Carribean Islands)
VOCAL FORMS
• 1.Maracatu – first surfaced in the African state of Pernambuco, combining the
strong rhythms of African percussion instruments with Portuguese melodies. They are
called “nacoes”(nations) who paraded with a drumming ensemble numbering up to
100 accompanied by a singer, chorus and a coterie of dancers.
• 2.Blues – a musical form of the late 20th century. These communities are called “Deep
South” of the US. The notes of the blues create an expressive and soulful sound.
Communicates various emotions.
• 3. Soul – it combines the elements of African –American gospel music, rhythm and
blues and jazz. It is accompanied by handclaps and extemporaneous body moves. It
also includes the “call and response” between the soloist and the chorus. And
especially tense and powerful vocal sound.
• 4. Spiritual – refers to a song by African migrants who became enslaved by its white
communities.Its their outlet to vent their loneliness and anger and a result of
MUSIC OF LATIN AMERICA
The music of Latin America is the product of three major influences –
Indigenous, Spanish-Portuguese, and African.
Sometimes called Latin music, it includes the countries that have had a
colonial history from Spain and Portugal, divided into the following areas:
• a. Andean region (a mountain system of western South America along
the Pacific coast from Venezuela to Tierra del Fuego) – Argentina, Bolivia,
Chile, Ecuador, Peru, and Venezuela
• b. Central America – Belize, Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala,
Honduras, and Panama
• c. Carribean – Cuba, Dominican Republic, Guadeloupe, Haiti, Martinique,
At the same time, because of the inter-racial cross breeding and
migration, the above named countries were also somewhat commonly
populated by five major ancestral groups as follows:
• Indian descendants of the original native Americans who were the
inhabitants of the region before the arriva; of Christopher
Columbus
• African descendants from Western and Central Africa
• European descendants
• Asian descendants from China, Japan, India, and Indonesia/Java
• Mixed descendants from the above-named groups
INFLUENCES ON LATIN AMERICAN MUSIC
• Before the arrival of the Spanish, Portuguese, and other European
colonizers, the natives were found to be using local drum and
percussion instruments such as the guiro, maracas, and turtle
shells, and wind instruments such as zampona (pan pipes) and
quena (notched-end flutes) remain popular and are traditionally
made out of the same aquatic canes.
• The indigenous music of Latin America was largely functional in
nature, being used for religious worship and ceremonies.
Native American/Indian Music
• The ethnic and cultural groups of the principal native Americans
share many similar yet distinctive music elements pertaining to
melody, harmony, rhythm, form, and dynamics.
• Short musical motives from descending melodic lines were a
common feature, where tempo, rhythm, and tone colors vary with
the specific occasion or ritual.
• Many dance forms were repetitious, while songs had a wide range
of volume levels
Afro-Latin American Music
• The African influence on Latin American music is most pronounced
in its rich and varied rhythmic patterns produced by the drums and
various percussion instruments.
• Complex layering of rhythmic patterns was a favorite device,
where fast paced tempos add to the rhythmic density.
• Vocal music was often deep chested while instrumental music
greatly relied on resonant drums and sympathetic buzzers to
produce rich sounds and occasional loud volume levels to reflect
their intensity.
Euro-Latin American Music
• The different regions of Latin America adopted various characteristics from their
European colonizers.
• Melodies of the Renaissance period were used in Southern Chile and the Colombian
Pacific coasts, while step-wise melodies were preferred in the heavily Hispanic and
Moorish-influenced areas of Venezuela and Colombia
• MIXED AMERICAN
• This musical fusion of Latin America combining native instruments with European
counterparts and musical theories was further enriched by the instruments brought
by the African slaves.
• The result of the massive infusion of African culture also brought about the
introduction of other music and dance forms such as the AfroCuban rumba,
Jamaican reggae, Colombian cumbia, and the Brazilian samba

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