ELASTIC RECOVERY AFTER

PLASTIC DEFORMATION
METALS CAN RECOVER THEIR ORIGINAL SHAPE AFTER
BEING STRETCHED TO A CERTAIN LIMIT, DETERMINED BY
THE METAL'S YIELD STRENGTH. BEYOND THAT, THE METAL
EXPERIENCES PLASTIC DEFORMATION AND CANNOT
RETURN TO ITS ORIGINAL SHAPE.
Schematic tensile stress–strain
diagram showing the
phenomena of elastic strain
recovery and strain hardening.
The initial yield strength is
designated as sy0; syi is the
yield strength after releasing
the load at point D and then
upon reloading.
 COMPRESSIVE, SHEAR, AND TORSIONAL
DEFORMATIONS
Compressive stress- Is a force that causes a material to deform to occupy
a smaller volume. It is said to be under compression.

Shear Stress- Is a force tending to cause deformation of a material by

slippage along a plane or planes parallel to the imposed stress.

Torsion stress- Is the shear stress produced in the shaft due to the
twisting. This twisting in the shaft is caused by the couple acting on it.
COMPRESSIVE STRESS
SHEAR STRESS
TORSIONAL STRESS
 HARDNESS

Hardness- is a measure of a material’s resistance to

localized plastic deformation.
Two most common hardness testing techniques
1. Rockwell test
2. Brinell test
Rockwell test
• Several scales are available
• It is based on the difference in indentation depth
from the imposition of minor and major loads

Brinell test
• There is a single scale
• Scale is determined from indentation size
• The two microindentation hardness testing
techniques are the Knoop and Vickers tests.

• Small indenters and relatively light loads are

employed for these two techniques. They are
used to measure the hardnesses of brittle
materials (such as ceramics) and also of very
small specimen regions.
 VARIABILITY OF
MATERIAL PROPERTIES
Five factors that can lead to scatter in measured material properties
are the following:

1. Test method
2. Variations in specimen fabrication procedure
3. Operator bias
4. Apparatus calibration
5. Inhomogeneities and/or compositional variations from sample to
sample.
 APPLICATIONS AND PROCESSING
OF METAL ALLOYS

Types of Metal Alloy

• Ferrous Alloys
• Nonferrous Alloys
Alloys -is a combination of metals or a
combination of one or more metals with non-
metallic elements. For example, combining the
metallic elements gold and copper produces
red gold, gold and silver becomes white gold,
and silver combined with copper produces
sterling silver
Steel -is an alloy of iron and carbon, and sometimes other elements. Because of its
high tensile strength and low cost, it is a major component used in buildings,
infrastructure, tools, ships, automobiles, machines, appliances, and weapons. Iron is
the base metal of steel

Low alloy
• Medium Carbon Steel – Typically has acarbon range of 0.31% to 0.60%, and a
manganese content ranging from .060% to 1.65%

• High-Carbon Steel - Undergo heat-treatment have a carbon content in the

range of 0.30–1.70% by weight

• Mild (low carbon) steel – It is approximately 0.05% to

0.25% carbon content with up to 0.4% manganese content (e.g. AISI
1018 steel)
High Alloy

Stainless steels - are highly resistant to corrosion (rusting) in a variety of environments,

especially the ambient atmosphere.
 CAST IRON

Cast Iron - are a class of ferrous alloys with carbon contents above 2.14 wt%; in practice, however, most cast
irons contain between 3.0 and 4.5 wt% C and, in addition, other alloying elements

• Gray Iron- is a type of cast iron that has a graphitic microstructure

• Ductile (or Nodular) Iron - is a type of cast iron known for its impact and fatigue resistance,
elongation, and wear resistance due to the spherical (round) graphite structures in the metal
• White Cast Iron - is a group of iron-carbon alloys with a carbon content greater than 2%
• Malleable Iron - is cast as white iron, the structure being a metastable carbide in a pearlitic
matrix
• Compacted Graphite Irons – is a metal which is gaining popularity in applications that
require either greater strength, or lower weight than cast iron.