Jawaharlal Nehru Architecture and Fine Arts University

School of Planning and Architecture

Department- Urban and Regional Planning

Under the guidance of Name- Adithya A

Mrs P Dhruvitha Roll No- 17011BA001
 Contents

1. How sanitation and hygiene contribute to health

2. Gram Panchayat and its cleanliness

3. Steps for developing a GP sanitation plan

4. Two-pronged strategy for eliminating OD:

5. Maintenance of sanitation during floods and droughts

6. Construction and use of latrines for a clean panchayat

7. Liquid waste

8. Approximate cost calculation for liquid waste management in GP

Source- https://swachhbharatmission.gov.in/sbmcms/writereaddata/images/pdf/technical-notes-manuals/Sanitation-in-Gram-Panchayats.pd
 9. Steps in community off site liquid waste disposal

10. practicing hygiene

Source- https://swachhbharatmission.gov.in/sbmcms/writereaddata/images/pdf/technical-notes-manuals/Sanitation-in-Gram-
Panchayats.pdf
 How sanitation and hygiene contribute to health

Hygienic
food and
water
Drinking
Usage of
water
latrine
quality

Improv
ed Personal
Hand health and
wash institution
al hygiene

Liquid Solid
waste waste
manage manage
ment ment
Source- https://swachhbharatmission.gov.in/sbmcms/writereaddata/images/pdf/technical-notes-manuals/Sanitation-in-Gram-Panchayats.pdf
 Gram Panchayat and its cleanliness

Total economic impact of inadequate sanitation in India amounts to Rs 2,40,000 crore

Per person annual impact of Rs 2180 Safe

disposal of
human and
Various animal
communi Cleanli excreta
cable Food
ness of
diseases hygiene
house
Stunted Increased
growth of medical
children expenditure
Safe
Sanitatio
Personal disposal
n
hygiene of waste
Poor includes
water
sanitation
Higher leads to Reduction of
infant output and
Safe
mortality productivity Safe
storage and
disposal
handling of
of solid
drinking
Commun waste
Reduced water
resistance ity
Loss of hygiene
and
wages
immunity in
children
Source- https://swachhbharatmission.gov.in/sbmcms/writereaddata/images/pdf/technical-notes-manuals/Sanitation-in-Gram-
Panchayats.pdf
 A GP may take help and guide the VWSC(Village Water and Sanitation Committee) to carry out
the following activities:

• A survey to assess the problem

• Prepare a sanitation action plan

• Implement sanitation programmes

• Provide place for dumping yard

• Arrange sweeping of streets, construction and cleaning of drains, and disposal of solid and waste
water disposal

• Maintain platforms at drinking water sources/outlets

• Create awareness on sanitation and hygiene among villagers

Source- https://swachhbharatmission.gov.in/sbmcms/writereaddata/images/pdf/technical-notes-manuals/Sanitation-in-Gram-
Panchayats.pdf
Source- https://swachhbharatmission.gov.in/sbmcms/writereaddata/images/pdf/technical-notes-manuals/Sanitation-in-Gram-Panchayats.pdf
Steps for developing a GP sanitation plan
Collection of information and assessment of problem
Population of the GP
Number of households (HHs)
Number of HHs without toilets
Number of dysfunctional IHHLs required to be put into use
Number of persons practicing OD
Number of persons practicing OD in spite of having a household toilet
Information on disposal practices of solid and liquid waste
Information about status of toilets in schools and Anganwadis
Identifying strategies
Number of HHs for whom community toilets are required for unavoidable reasons
Quantification of solid waste produced in village per day organic and inorganic
Place identified for locating the dumping yard
Collection mechanism proposed-door-to-door or public bin
Mechanism proposed for waste transportation to dump yard
System proposed for segregation of waste organic/inorganic
Technical options proposed for disposal of solid waste (compost pits, vermi-compost, bio-gas units,, incinerators, recycling units etc.
Technical options proposed for disposal of liquid waste
Details of construction and clearing of drains, soak pits, leach pits etc
Provision for improving platforms around bore wells and public taps
Promoting community awareness on sanitation and hygiene
 Preparation of cost estimates
Finalising and prioritising demand and proposals
Developing technical and cost estimates with assistance from concerned government functionaries
Resource mobilisation
Assessing the scope for utilisation of funds provided under Nirmal Bharat Abhiyan/Mission Swachh
Bharat (NBA/MSB) and other schemes
In case of a gap between cost estimates and available funds, making a decision on the appropriate
option, either phase-wise implementation of priorities or filling the gap with community and public
contribution

Source- https://swachhbharatmission.gov.in/sbmcms/writereaddata/images/pdf/technical-notes-manuals/Sanitation-in-Gram-Panchayats.pdf
Strategy to eliminate OD:

• Create demand for toilets

• Various participatory approaches such as Community approach to Total sanitation (CATS)

could be adopted to motivate people to take up toilet construction

• Strengthen sanitation materials supply

• GPs, SHGs, agencies, individuals and NGOs interested in supplying material must be
encouraged to take this up as a business proposition and also for community’s benefit.
NBA/MSB, NRLM and other programmes have funds for starting RSMs and production
centres (PCs)

Source- https://swachhbharatmission.gov.in/sbmcms/writereaddata/images/pdf/technical-notes-manuals/Sanitation-in-Gram-
Panchayats.pdf
 Source- https://swachhbharatmission.gov.in/sbmcms/writereaddata/images/pdf/technical-notes-manuals/Sanitation-in-
Gram-Panchayats.pdf
Construction and use of latrines for a clean panchayat

Latrine

Super structure Sub structure

For normal soil with low water table, a situation which exists in most parts in India, a pit latrine
is most suitable type of latrine.
Pit
latrine
Squatting Pan P-trap Pit below squat hole
platform with connecting
with hole pipe in most cases
 Other types
of latrines

Eco san latrine Septic tank latrine Bio digester toilets

Pour flush pit latrine Receives human waste Human waste gets
Human waste is converted
More hygienic but by addition of some from flush toilet and converted to biogas
require more skilled materials at appropriate after some treatment comprising mainly
maintenance, are temperature by aerobic connects it to methane and carbon
more expensive and process into nutrient sewerage system. dioxide by anaerobic
require more water humanure. More expensive Should have a soak pit process. Occupies
and requires more to absorb outflow. comparatively much
4 litres per use less space and
maintenance Difficult to maintain
requiring almost no
water.
Community latrines

• To meet needs of visitors who come for business or to attend fairs and festivals from nearby areas

• For passengers and visitors at bus stands/community centres

• To meet requirement of households that have no space at all in their houses for construction of
toilets
Source- https://swachhbharatmission.gov.in/sbmcms/writereaddata/images/pdf/technical-notes-manuals/Sanitation-in-Gram-
Panchayats.pdf
 Source-
https://swachhbharatmission.gov.in/sbmcms/writereaddata/
Initiative to be taken by GPs with regard to RSMs images/pdf/technical-notes-manuals/Sanitation-in-Gram-
Panchayats.pdf
• Encouraging prospective entrepreneurs including NGOs, SHGs, village organisations to
establish RSM for village or group of villages

• Taking assistance and guidance of DWSM (District Rural Development Agency

(DRDA/District Implementation Agency (DIA)) and facilitating establishment of RSM and
sending proposals

• After RSM is successfully established and functioning, monitor quality and price of sanitary
items sold there.

• Utilising provision available in NBA/MSB to establish RSMs

RSM is an outlet selling materials required for construction of sanitary latrines. Main aim of an
RSM is to provide materials, services and guidance needed for constructing different types of
latrines and other sanitary facilities, which are technically and financially suitable to area.
Source- https://swachhbharatmission.gov.in/sbmcms/writereaddata/images/pdf/technical-notes-manuals/Sanitation-in-Gram-
Panchayats.pdf
Maintenance of sanitation during floods and droughts

Floods

• Constructing temporary trench latrines as an emergency measure at select locations along

with provisions for hand washing with soap
• Higher level of protection of all water sources, cleaning of catchment areas around service
reservoirs and disinfection of water

For both floods and drought

• Procuring safe drinking water from alternate sources for supply to villagers
• Duly arranging its transportation where necessary and providing sufficient number of
clean containers with lids for stocking drinking water

Drought

• Arrangements for hand washing should be made near trench latrines, and also at
temporary stand posts Source- https://swachhbharatmission.gov.in/sbmcms/writereaddata/images/pdf/technical-
notes-manuals/Sanitation-in-Gram-Panchayats.pdf
 Liquid waste
Liquid waste

Grey water Black water

Kitchen, garden, bathrooms, Containing pathogenic toilet matter
hotels, vegetable markets etc

Grey water management

Grey water

Domestic grey water- Community grey

domestic level water- community level
Source- https://swachhbharatmission.gov.in/sbmcms/writereaddata/images/pdf/technical-notes-manuals/Sanitation-in-Gram-
Panchayats.pdf
Domestic grey water management

Domestic grey
water disposal

Kitchen garden Leach pit Soak pit

Kitchen garden

Household gets consumable produce such as vegetables or fruits. Will be possible where open
land is available near house

Water should be passed through a very simple device such as silt and grease trap. There is
need to separate silt, grease and other solid material from waste water flow. For this purpose,
an interceptor tank or chamber is installed as per requirement
Source-
https://swachhbharatmission.gov.in/sbmcms/writereaddata/images/pdf/techni
Garden can be irrigated in two ways cal-notes-manuals/Sanitation-in-Gram-Panchayats.pdf
• Filtered water can directly reach roots of plants through underground PVC pipes. Requires
maintenance of pipe and filter bed
• Surface irrigation is simpler, cheaper and requires less maintenance. But yield could be lower and
excess water will be exposed

Soak pit

Very simple and cheap option for grey water management

For domestic purposes, a cubical pit is dug in soil with dimensions of approximately 3 feet length, 3
feet width and 3 feet depth

Surface of pit walls and bottom provide more surface area of soil for absorption of water

To provide stability to pit and distribute incoming water to available surface area
• At top, pit is covered with supporting material such as tree twigs or gunny sacking etc and topped
up with murrum sand, so that inflowing water does not remain exposed
• At centre, an inlet with filter, grass-filled perforated matka clay pot is placed, through which water
is allowed to flow into pit. Stone rubble is also more efficient in distributing water to all absorbing
surfaces
Source- https://swachhbharatmission.gov.in/sbmcms/writereaddata/images/pdf/technical-notes-manuals/Sanitation-in
Source- https://swachhbharatmission.gov.in/sbmcms/writereaddata/images/pdf/technical-notes-manuals/Sanitation-in-Gram-
Panchayats.pdf
 Leach pit

If availability of open land is constraint and quantity of grey water is large, domestic leach pit would
be suitable option.

Brick lined circular pit constructed in honeycomb masonry, having diameter of approximately 3 feet.

Water should be led into pit through water seal trap so that insect movement and mosquito breeding
is avoided

Community grey water management

Onsite management

Plantation Root zone

Communi Soak away system
with ty leach system
interceptin pit
g silt Sedimentation cum filter bed is established, on top of
chamber which plants such as reeds etc are grown. Micro-
organisms grow in these beds. Oxygen is provided by
roots of reeds which also take care of pollutants. Water
flowing out from this system is well stabilised and
pathogen free. Can be used for horticulture etc.
Source- https://swachhbharatmission.gov.in/sbmcms/writereaddata/images/pdf/technical-notes-manuals/Sanitation-in-Gram-
Panchayats.pdf
 Source- https://swachhbharatmission.gov.in/sbmcms/writereaddata/images/pdf/technical-notes-
Offsite management manuals/Sanitation-in-Gram-Panchayats.pdf

Waste stabilisation pond system

Low cost and easy to maintain. Stabilised water flowing out from system can be used for various
purposes in agriculture, horticulture, pisciculture etc.

Treatment of grey water in these ponds takes place through natural processes involving natural
oxygen from air, bacterial digestive processes and algae with their photosynthetic process and own
metabolism.

Approximate cost calculation for liquid waste management in GP

Soak pit in each household: the cost of unlined soak pit is estimated as Rs 600

Stabilisation pond for population of 300 HH

• Land area required is 900 square metre approximately

• Earthwork required may be of order of 1600 cubic metres
• Cost may work out to approximately Rs 80000
• Cost per household therefore would be Rs 266
Source-
https://swachhbharatmission.gov.in/sbmcms/writ
ereaddata/images/pdf/technical-notes-
manuals/Sanitation-in-Gram-Panchayats.pdf

Estimated drainage channel cost for community of 300 HHs would work out to about Rs
1,00,000 at rate of Rs 1000 per metre. Estimated expenditure for each HH will be Rs 334

Total cost for liquid waste management would therefore be Rs 600+266+334= 1200 per
household

Black water management at GP level

In rural areas construction of properly designed simple leach pit latrine helps effective disposal
of black water

Where black and grey water get mixed up, suitable option recommended for rural areas with low
water supply would be installation of small bore sewer system by GP concerned in which
• Liquid portion is separated for offsite treatment and disposal
• Remaining solid portion has to be periodically cleared from interceptor tank and disposed of
Steps in community off site liquid waste disposal
Provision of soak pit in each household

Transportation of household grey water via drainage system to pond

System of pond where it is naturally treated

Treated water is used for irrigation

Source- https://swachhbharatmission.gov.in/sbmcms/writereaddata/images/pdf/technical-notes-manuals/Sanitation-in-
Gram-Panchayats.pdf
Live and let live by practising hygiene

Hygiene means practice of keeping oneself and also one’s neighbourhood clean in order to
protect oneself and others from getting sick. Hygiene has two dimensions:
Hand
• Individual hygiene washing
• Community hygiene Maintaining Regular
cleanliness and Use of bathing and
avoiding footwear washing of
contamination clothes
around water
sources

Maintaining Proper
hygiene at disposal of Individual
market solid waste Cleanliness hygiene
place and excreta Regular
of normally trimming of
Community used
hygiene nails
surfaces

Ensuring Safe storage

and handling
Controlling Waste that drinking of drinking
animal water water is water and
rearing drainage hygienic food

Source- https://swachhbharatmission.gov.in/sbmcms/writereaddata/images/pdf/technical-notes-manuals/Sanitation-in-Gram-
Panchayats.pdf
Markets/Bazaars/Village fairs

Fix user charges or market fee to meet cost of provision and maintenance of water and
sanitation facilities. Discounts can also be given to traders who maintain their own temporary
water and sanitation facilities or contribute to market water and sanitation requirements

Water and sanitation facilities to be provided by GP should include community toilets, drinking
water arrangements, cleaning and disinfection

An adequate number of waste collection bins should be placed at different points in such fairs

Source- https://swachhbharatmission.gov.in/sbmcms/writereaddata/images/pdf/technical-notes-manuals/Sanitation-in-Gram-
Panchayats.pdf
Animal rearing

Animal rearing sheds should be located at least 100 metres (300 feet) away from water sources and
10 metres (30 feet) away from houses. This will prevent water contamination and also minimise
scope for mosquito induced diseases

Animal waste and dead animals should be disposed of properly

Role of GPs in promoting hygiene education among people

Monitor status of sanitation and hygiene

Play a proactive role by taking punitive measures such as levying fines for unhygienic practices
which affect village cleanliness

Prepare and implement a village health plan and converge this with sanitation and hygiene
programmes with help of medical and health agencies/personnel
• Identification of common health problems in GP based on survey with community involvement
• Identification of causes of these problems
Source- https://swachhbharatmission.gov.in/sbmcms/writereaddata/images/pdf/technical-notes-
manuals/Sanitation-in-Gram-Panchayats.pdf
 Utilize all possible channels including Gram Sabha, village organization meetings, fairs and
festivals, special days touching different aspects and mobilize community to participate in
sanitation and hygiene drives, duly drawing support from local officials of Health, Women
and Child, Rural development and Panchayati Raj etc.

Source- https://swachhbharatmission.gov.in/sbmcms/writereaddata/images/pdf/technical-notes-manuals/Sanitation-in-Gram-
Panchayats.pdf
 References/Bibliography

Swachh Bharat Mission-Gramin website

Sanitation in gram panchayat manual
https://swachhbharatmission.gov.in/sbmcms/writereaddata/images/pdf/technical-notes-
manuals/Sanitation-in-Gram-Panchayats.pdf

Down to earth
https://www.downtoearth.org.in/

Source- https://swachhbharatmission.gov.in/sbmcms/writereaddata/images/pdf/technical-notes-manuals/Sanitation-in-
Gram-Panchayats.pdf