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Профессиональный Документы
Культура Документы
File systems
Devices
File system permissions
Run levels
Win32 system components
Processes
File Systems
A File System relates to how data is stored
format
chkdsk
Linux
UFS (the Unix File System)
mkfs
Linux
can auto-detect some, but PNP support
not complete
usually need to mount (and umount --
Linux (chapter 2)
Chmod – change mode (-rwxrw-r--=764)
# file: SAdir
# owner: foo
# group: bar
user::rwx
user:emp1:rwx
group::r-x
group:jrSA:rwx
mask::rwx
other::---
Review of Linux runlevels
Runlevels
0 – Shutdown
1 – Single user
2 – Multi-user w/o networking
3 – Multi-user w/networking
4 – Unused
5 – Multi-user w/networking and GUI
6 – Reboot
System
components
(Win32)
System components (cont.)
Layered OS (see handout)
Protection
Modularity
Kernel
Privilegedaccounts
Windows: Administrator
environment (winlogon)
Windows Services (services)
User applications
Processes (cont.)
Windows Kernel Mode processes
Share memory space
Have direct access to hardware
Includes Executive Services, Microkernel, HAL
Viewing Processes
Task Manager
Stopping Processes
Services Utility
Task Manager
Net commands
Processes (cont.)
Linux doesn't really make a distinction
between types of processes
su command allows for user switching
Viewing Processes
ps command
Stopping Processes
Services Utility
kill command
New SA Training
Topic 5: Startup / Shutdown
Normal hard disk based startup sequence,
generally uses “chain loading” (A->B->C)
POST
MBR, GPT, or similar
Not OS specific
Loads from known location
If set device is set “active”, then…
Program / software (OS, boot loader, Volume
Boot Record…)
System Startup (Cont.)
Windows startup sequence:
Boot phase – NTLDR (uses boot.ini) or
initialization (drivers)
Services phase (smss.exe),
lsass.exe)
System Startup (cont.)
Linux startup sequence:
lilo/grub
kernel
/etc/rc*
Scripts used to control how the system will
startup/shutdown are /etc/inittab and /etc/rc.d (or
/etc/rcX.d, where X corresponds to runlevel. “S”
scripts designate items to run at startup.)
multi-booting: NTLDR/BOOTMGR vs
Lilo/Grub vs VirtualPC/other virtualization
System Startup (cont.)
Advanced startup
Windows advanced startup options
Last known good
System Restore
Safe mode
Recovery console
single-user mode
System Shutdown
Windows
Ctrl-Alt-Del – Shutdown
Start – Shutdown
From command line - shutdown –s (or –r)
Applications are closed/services stopped
Linux
Init 0 (init 6 will reboot)
shutdown -h now (-r will reboot)
/etc/rc* handles some process shutdown,
using “K” scripts