ECOSYSTEM

ORGANISASI EKOLOGI

Organisms
Populations
Communities
Ecosystems
Biosphere
WHAT IS A COMMUNITY AND A
POPULATION?
A population is a group
A community is individuals that belong
assemblage of different to the same species
populations that live and live in the same
together in a defined area
area
 Demographics
Density and distribution
• Population density – pattern of dispersal of
individuals across an area of interest
• Resources – abiotic (nonliving) and biotic (living)
components of environment
• Limiting factors – environmental aspects that
determine where an organism lives
THE BIOTIC COMPONENTS OF
ECOSYSTEMS
 Producers
(autotrophs)

 Photosynthesis
 Consumers
(heterotrophs)

 Aerobic
respiration

 Decomposers
Energy and Matter Flow in Ecosystems
Photosynthesis and Respiration
Photosynthesis: production of carbohydrate from water and
carbon dioxide, using light energy
H20 + CO2 +light energy (CHO2)n + O2
 Energy and Matter Flow in Ecosystems

Respiration is process of "burning" this stored chemical energy,

basically through oxidation, for maintaining plant metabolism.
During plant respiration, carbohydrates combine with oxygen and
is reduced to carbon dioxide and water, and heat.
CONNECTIONS: FOOD WEBS AND ENERGY
FLOW IN ECOSYSTEMS
 Food chains  Food webs
 ECOLOGICAL PYRAMIDS

 ----Pyramid of
energy flow

 Pyramid of
biomass
 Pyramid of
numbers
BERBAGAI BENTUK EKOSISTEM
ALAMI
Habitats: Tundra
Habitats: Taiga
Habitats: Temperate forest
Habitats: Tropical rainforest
Habitats: Temperate grassland
Habitats: Savanna
Habitats: Desert
 Habitats: Wetlands

Includes permanent and temporary aquatic environments

ALIRAN ENERGI DAN MATERI
DALAM EKOSISTEM ALAMI
ENERGY FLOW
 Energy always flows in one direction through
an ecosystem – from autotrophs to
heterotrophs
AUTOTROPHS

 PRODUCERS

 organisms
that use energy from the
environment to change CO2 into organic
compounds (food)

Two types of producers:

 photosynthesizers – use energy from the sun
(plants, algae, bacteria)
 chemosynthesizers – use energy from
chemical reactions inside Earth (bacteria)
HETEROTROPHS
 CONSUMERS
 organisms that rely on other organisms for their
energy and food supply
CONNECTIONS: MATTER CYCLING IN
ECOSYSTEMS

Hydrologic cycle (H2O)

Atmospheric cycles (C, N)

Sedimentary cycles (P, S)

HYDROLOGIC (WATER) CYCLE
THE CARBON CYCLE
THE NITROGEN CYCLE
THE PHOSPHORUS CYCLE
THE SULFUR
CYCLE
HUMAN IMPACTS ON THE ENVIRONMENT
Global warming
 Use of machinery by humans seems to be increasing
atmospheric CO2 levels. Carbon dioxide prevents heat energy
from escaping, causes slight world wide temperature increases

Rising water temperatures

causes coral bleaching
HUMAN IMPACTS ON THE ENVIRONMENT
Deforestation
 Caused by demand for wood products, need for space,
farmland, housing, roads
 Deforestation causes habitat fragmentation

 Animals and plants are forced into confined areas

 HUMAN IMPACTS ON THE ENVIRONMENT
Ozone depletion
 Caused by aerosol chemicals called chloroflurocarbons
(CFCs) commonly used as coolants

 Escape into atmosphere, reacts with ozone (O3, a

protective atmospheric layer)

 UV rays penetrate
atmosphere and
cause harm to many
organisms
 HUMAN IMPACTS ON THE ENVIRONMENT
Fishing activities
 Demand for fish and shellfish

 Fishing is harmful to the environment in many ways

 Bycatch, gear losses, trawling scours sea bottom

HUMAN IMPACTS ON THE ENVIRONMENT
Invasive species
 Typically introduced by people accidentally or
intentionally

 Can cause problems if no natural enemies are present

 Islands and other confined ecosystems are at risk

Cane toad was introduced to
Australia to control cane
beetles, pest insects that
destroy sugar cane crops

Toads did not control cane

beetles, instead they took over
and cane toads are unusually
hardy
HUMAN IMPACTS ON THE ENVIRONMENT
Exotic pet trade
 Capture and sell wild animals from exotic locations

 Wealthy buyers and collectors desire obscure

animals

 Animals removed from

their habitat causes an
imbalance in ecosystem
MACAM-MACAM BENTUK POLA
KEHIDUPAN
TYPES OF CONSUMERS
 herbivore – plant eater
 carnivore – meat eater

 omnivore – eat both plants and animals

 detritivore – eat dead plants and

animals
 decomposer – breakdown organic
matter into inorganic compounds like
CO2, H20, NO3
FEEDING RELATIONSHIPS
food chain: a series of steps in which
organisms transfer energy by eating
and being eaten
producer → herbivore → carnivore

food web: a linking of all the food

chains in an ecosystem
Interactions Among Species
•Competition: species compete for a common resource
•Predation: one species feeds on another
•Parasitism: one species gains nutrition from another, usually
invades or attaches to the body of the host
•Symbiosis: positive interaction between species that is beneficial
to at least one of the species and does not harm the other
•Commensalism: one species benefits, the other is unaffected
•Mutualism: one or both species cannot survive alone
MUTUALISME
KOMENSALISME
PARASITISME
TUGAS KELOMPOK
 BUATLAH KELOMPOK DENGAN ANGGOTA
KELOMPOK MAKSIMAL 5 ORANG
 BUATLAH RESUME TENTANG MATERI
1. SIKLUS MATERI
PILIH SATU SIKLUS MATERI, JELASKAN
DENGAN DETAIL SIKLUS TERSEBUT
2. INTERAKSI MAKHLUK HIDUP
PILIH SATU INTERAKSI DAN BERIKAN
CONTOHNYA DI BIOSFER YANG
MENUNJUKKAN INTERAKSI TERSEBUT
3. TINDAKAN MANUSIA YANG
MEMPENGARUHI SIKLUS MATERI DAN
EKOSISTEM
 RESUME DIKETIK DALAM KERTAS A4
DENGAN FORMAT:
1. FONT TIMES NEW ROMAN SIZE 12
2. SPASI 1,5
3. MAKSIMAL 3 LEMBAR
4. DITULISKAN SUMBER PUSTAKA

TUGAS DIKIRIM KE EMAIL :

ambar@bio.uad.ac.id
PALING LAMBAT SELASA, 31 MEI 2016 PUKUL
14.00