Communication

Analogue Signals
• Analogue signal – Microphone signals,
Thermometer signals, Photocopier, audio
tapes, VC recordings
• It can have any value between voltage limits.
• In microphone signal is the exact signal of
pressure variation of air due to sound
 Digital Signal
• Digital Signal – Variation of Voltages assigned to
Binary values 1s and 0s
• 1 represent the voltage pulse with few values in
Volts.
• 0 Represent the zero volt or closer to zero volts
For exmple in 5 V signal 5V – Binary 1
4.8V – Binary 1
 Digital Signal
For exmple in 5 V signal 0 V – Binary 0
0.3 V – Binary 0
The small Fluctuations cannot be noticed.
Analogue and Digital
 Analogue to Digital conversion (ADC)
• Step 1: Sampling - sampling is the
measurement of the
analoguesignal at regular time
intervals
• Step 2: Each time the analogue signal is
sampled, then a corresponding
binary number will be assigned
for each sampling.
4 – bit binary sampling
 Analogue to Digital conversion (ADC)
• Step – 2: Example: At t =0 the voltage is 9V
then the binary value is 1001
• Step – 3 : For some vaules of “t” , the voltage
values are not a whole numbers. So
the nearest whole number is chosen
• Step – 4: Transmitting binary values one by
one to receiving end.
• Step – 5: Digital to analogue converted is used
to retrieve the signal on the receiving
end.
Analogue to Digital conversion (ADC)
 What are the factors involving in
Conversion of Analogue to Digital?
• The blue dots are the values of voltage for
given analogue signal.
• Some electronic system can produce many
voltage points for a signal (Sampling), which
will give smooth analogue when it is
converted.
• To improve sampling the voltage different
between 1s and 0s should be reduced.
 What are the factors involving in
Conversion of Analogue to Digital?
• Instead of selecting voltage points with 10 ms,
we select those point every 5 ms. This will give
much accuracy than 10 ms sampling.
OR
• Instead of selecting voltage points with 1 volt
difference, we select those point every 0.5
volts. This will give much accuracy than 1 V
sampling.
 Can we say like this?
• A 0 – 10 volts signal requires 4 bit system for
voltage points with difference of 1 volt.
• A 0 – 10 volts signal requires 8 bit system for
voltage points with difference of 0.1 volt.
 Advantages of Digital Signals
 Digital Signals can deal with “NOISE”
produced over long distances.
 A wave travels for a long distance will be
reduced in its energy.
This is called weakening of transmission
signal. - (Attenuation)
 This is compensated by the amplification of
signal at various amplifiers.
 Noise – Random unwanted signal
• Noise is an electrical interference caused in
different ways
– Car ignition
– Current wires
– Induced current magnetic fields caused by
household things.