SUPER VISORY TECHNICAL SKILLS FOR

ENGINEERING GRADUATES

IN HIGH WAY
CONSTRUCTIONS &
MAINTENANCE
HIGH WAY SKILLS IN CONSTRUCTION
 DEFINITION OF SKILL

Skill or Skills :
1. Handling an issue or perform an act effortlessly,
2. Much better than another individual,
3. Having command on the subject
4. Clear-cut communication both by way of speaking & in writing.
5. Timely intervention towards rectification,
6. Respect time as essence of contract.
7. Tactics in handling mass issues .
8. Planned submission of views to higher ups with obedience.
9. Zeal to update knowledge time to time.
10. Project in advance the pros & cons of acting in time benefits &
losses.
 TYPE OF ROADS BY WAY OF USAGE, REQUIREMENTS,

Road engineering has become a complex discipline, where road

safety, environmental and socio-economic issues are as important as
technical design and construction supervision.
 Highways and motorways
 Urban roads
 Feeder roads
 Traffic terminals
 Road facilities
 Pavements
 Electrical installations for roads
 Environment, occupational health and safety
 Specialist design team
URBAN ROADS
 PROBLEMS IN CONSTRUCTIONISM URBAN ROADS

 Services
 Surveys
 Noise abatement analysis
 Road safety audits
 Road traffic accident analysis
 Traffic simulation and modelling
 Vulnerable road users
 School travel planning analysis
 Traffic action plans
 Speed control planning
 Impact assessment
 Environmental impact assessment (EIA)
 Economic analysis
 Integrated design of roads, sewers, lighting and road
furniture
 FEEDER AND RURAL ROADS

Services
Surveys
Material investigation and testing
Pavement condition studies
Feasibility studies
HDM-4 analysis
Road design
Pavement design
Environmental impact assessment (EIA)
Social impact assessment
Procurement
Tendering
Construction supervision
Maintenance,& Quality management
PAVEMENTS & THEIR DESIGNPAVEMENTS ARE DESIGNED
SPECIfiCALLY FOR THE EXPECTED LOAD CONDITIONS THROUGHOUT
THE DESIGN LIFE OF THE ROAD. PAVEMENT TYPES VARY FROM
flEXIBLE PAVEMENTS THROUGH SEMI-RIGID TO RIGID CONCRETE
PAVEMENTS:
TYPE OF SERVICES REQUIRED
SERVICES
SURVEYS, PAVEMENT CONDITION STUDIES, PAVEMENT ANALYSIS AND
MODELLING, PAVEMENT DESIGN, FLEXIBLE AND SEMI-RIGID PAVEMENTS, RIGID
PAVEMENTS, LOW-NOISE PAVEMENTS SPECIAL PAVEMENTS, E.G. CONTAINER
TERMINALS ,INNOVATIVE PAVEMENTS, RECYCLING, MATERIAL INVESTIGATIONS
FOR PAVEMENTS ,MATERIAL ENGINEERING FOR PAVEMENTS, PAVEMENT
MAINTENANCE, ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT (EIA),ECONOMIC
ANALYSIS, QUALITY MANAGEMENT
:
ROAD FACILITIES BY WAY OF PLANNING & DESIGN:THE PROVISION OF
APPROPRIATE AND EFFECTIVE ROAD FACILITIES IS OF THE UTMOST
IMPORTANCE IN ORDER TO ACHIEVE WELL-FUNCTIONING ROADS IN TERMS
OF ROAD SAFETY, CAPACITY, ROAD USER COMFORT AND MINIMIZED
ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT.

Road Safety is in Project. Public campaigns and police enforcement

are some of the measures being introduced to improve driving habits
and road safety.
SERVICES
ROAD SAFETY AUDITS
ROAD TRAFfiC ACCIDENT ANALYSIS
TRAFfiC SIMULATION AND MODELLING
VULNERABLE ROADUSERS
SCHOOL TRAVEL PLANNING ANALYSIS
TRAFfiC ACTION PLANS
SPEED CONTROL PLANNING
SOCIAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT
EDUCATION
ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT (EIA)
ECONOMIC ANALYSIS
QUALITY MANAGEMENT
ELECTRICAL INSTALLATIONS

Services

•Lighting with remote monitoring and control

•Electric power distribution
•Emergency telephones, variable message traffic signs etc.
•Toll collection systems
TRAFFIC TERMINALS

 Services
 Master plans
 Flow condition analyses
 Demand modelling and simulation
 Functional and detailed design
 Compact terminal management
 Real time information systems
 Feasibility studies
 ENVIRONMENT, OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH AND
SAFETY

 On every infrastructure project, environmental as well as

occupational health and safety issues need to be addressed.
 Both authorities and local stakeholders demand
minimization of the environmental impact during the
design and construction of road projects. Focus is on
optimizing the working environment and the safety for
both the people constructing and maintaining roads and
those using the facilities.
 Environmental management.
 To assist in building up a management system and an
action plan covering both environment and occupational
health and safety is required. The plan is adapted to the
actual needs of the project and includes follow-up through
the design and construction phases.
 SERVICES REQUIRED FOR THIS ACTIVITY:

 Services
 Environmental impact assessments

 Environmental risk assessments

 Environment and safety management

 Environmentally friendly design

 Mapping and management of external environmental

conditions
 Assessment and management of material and resource
usage
 Waste handling and recycling

 Safety coordination and safety plans

 Emergency plans
 GALLERY OF PICS FOR ENVIRONMENT, OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH AND
SAFETY


GALLERY OF PICS FOR ENVIRONMENT, OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH
AND SAFETY
GALLERY OF PICS FOR ENVIRONMENT, OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH
AND SAFETY
 THANK YOU

 Then only we survive in India

TYPE OF SERVICES REQUIRED IN HIGHWAY CONSTRUCTIONS

 Team for:
 Project preparation and planning
 Field surveys and investigations
 Special studies and tasks
 Design
 Tendering and procurement
 Contract administration and construction supervision
 Operation and maintenance
 Institutional development and training
SCOPE OF THE SUBJECT: IMPART PRACTICAL SKILLS &
CAPACITY BUILDING TO GRADUATE ENGINEERS IN
EXECUTION OF HIGH WAY ROAD WORKS.

 General terms related to project contracts:

 Introduction to Infrastructure & Development.
 Agencies involved.
 Agencies involved in execution of projects.
 Allocation methodologies of works.
 Type of contracts.
 Who is a client?
 Who is a contractor.
 Definition of Organisation.
 COMPONENTS INVOLVED IN HIGH WAY ROAD
WORKS

Creation of contract Administration

1. Creation of document by the client, called tender / Bid document..
2. Invitation of tenders.
3. Conclusion of agreement.
4. Creation of Project management Team
5. Site transfer.
6. Joint inspection of site by representatives of client & contractor.
7. Holding site meeting between Client & Contractors representatives
(P.M. of both sides & their aids).
8. Demarking sites for various requirements activities in project works
along with requirements for establishments of clients, contractors &
workers and their safety provisions.
9. Identification of materials quarries for quality materials.
10. Identification of alternate diversion routes to avoid traffic inconvenience
 CONTRACT ADMINISTRATION

 The Project Management Team:

Following the award and successful signing of the contract with the
Contractor, one of the major tasks of the Client is to appoint a
Project Management Team that should oversee the implementation
of the Contract to its completion.
This function is important and must be dealt with decisively
before the contractor is given possession of site if future problems
are to be avoided
SPECIFICATIONS FOR ROAD AND BRIDGE WORKS IN
INDIA

 Documents to be followed in India regarding Highway

construction,& maintenance which is published and revised
time to time by ministry of road transport & highways
Called in short (MORTH).
 Latest published 2013
 SUBJECTS DEALT IN THE MANUAL OF MORTH

SECTION SECTION TITLE/CLAUSE NO PAGE NO REMARKS

NO
100 GENERAL Introduction to supply of 1 to 33 Compulsory to be
project records (101 -121) study by engineer
before starting or
participating in
H.W.Project work
200 Site clearance Clearing & grubbing to 37 to 39 Step 1
Pavements(201-202)
300 Earth work ,Erosion Excavation for road ways to 45 to 92 Step 2
control, and foundation Using
drainage Geosynthatic Drains &
stone(301-314)
400 Sub-Bases, Granular Sub Base to Foot 109 to 143 Step 3
Bases.(Non paths and Separators.(401 -
Bituminous) and 410)
shoulders)
500 Bases & surfaces General requirements for 149 to 249 Step 4
courses(Bituminous Bituminous Pavements to
) Supply of stone aggregates
for pavements (501-520)
600 Concrete Pavement Dry lean cement 255-263 Step-5
Concrete sub base
(601 to 602)
700 Geosynthetics Geosynthetics for 299-318 Step-6
Road & Bridge works
to Paving Fabrics
/Glass grids (701-708)
800 Traffic signs, Traffic Signs to 325 -381 Step-7
Markings and other Advance Traffic
Road Appurtenances management systems
(ATMS) 801 -816
900 Quality control for General to Quality 415-421 Stp-8
Road works control tests during
construction (901 t0
903)
1000 Materials for General to Tests and 439-453 Step-9
structures Standard of
acceptance.(1001-
1015)
1100 Pipe Foundations Description to 457 -475 Step -10
Rate(1101 to 1119)
Well Foundations Description to 479-497 Step -11
1200 Rate(1201 to 1216)
1300 Brick Masonry Description to 501-506 Step -12
Rate(1301 to 1316)
1400 Stone & Concrete Description to Rate 509-516 Step 13
Block Masonry (1401 to 1414)
1600 Steel Reinforcement Description to Rate 527-532 Step-15
(1601 t0 1609)
1700 Structural concrete Description to Rate 535-562 STEP-16
(1701 t0 1719)
1800 Prestressing Description to Rate 565-585 Step -17
(1801 t0 1818)
1900 Structural Steel Description to Rate 585-660 Step-18
(1901 t0 1909)
2000 Bearings Description to Rate 623-660 Step-19
(2001 t0 2010)
2100 Open foundations Description to Rate 663-666 Step-20
(2101 t0 2108)
2200 Sub Structure Description to Rate 669-6723 Step-21
(2201 t0 2210)
2300 Concrete super Description to Rate 675-684 Step-22
structure (2301 t0 2310)
2400 Surface and Sub Description to Rate 687-700 Step -23
Surface Geo technical (2301 t0 2310)
Investigation

2500 River training work Description to Rate 703-713 Step-24

And protection work (2501 t0 2510)

2600 Expansion Joints Description to Rate 723-748 Step-25

(2601 t0 2715)
2700 Wearing Coat & Description to Rate 751-756 Step-26
Appurtenances (2701 t0 2709)
2800 Repair of structures Description to Rate 759-779 Step-27
(2801 t0 2815)
2900 Pipe Culverts Scope to Rate (2901 783-786 Step-28
t0 2911)
3000 Maintenance of General-Rate (3001 789-797 Step-29
Roads to 3005)
3100 Reinforced Earth Scope –Rate(3101 to 801-812 Step-30
3110)
3200 Soil Nailing Scope – 821-829 Step-31
References(3201-
3213)
THE COMPOSITION OF THE PROJECT MANAGEMENT TEAM

Client side:
 Project Manager
 Supervising Engineer.
 Consulting Engineer
Contractors side:
 Project Manger.
 Site engineer or engineers.
PRIORITIZING TECHNICAL WORKS TO BE CARRIED OUT

Materials Requirements.
Earth work excavation (MORT&H 300):
1. Procurement of earth for construction of embankment (Side earth or borrowed
earth by selecting good quality earth based on grading also). From identified
quarries after lab tests are conducted.
2. Machines required for the activity are excavators, & tippers.
3. Measurements to be done in cum for collected earth in borrow pits or in tones.
4. Qualities required: liquid limit(25), Plasticity Index(6), Density(CBR-30)
requirement
Aggregates of different sizes.
1. Needs to be procured from reputed crushers. By assessment based on site
requirements & lab based testing & gradation blending.
2. Machines required are tippers .
3. Measure is cum or tones.
4. Qualities required: Impact value (30%), Flakiness & elongation(35%), water
absorption(10%), Abrasion (40%) & density.
 Procurement of sand:
1. River/Natural Sand (River Beds and Banks.) ( Should not contain Silt)
2. Manufactured Sand (M-Sand) & Plaster Sand (Ok)
3. Pit Sand ( Coarse not recommended for construction)

4. Quality wise selection be Zone II IS-383 Zone-II.

Note: Silt content should not be more than 3% by wt.

 Cement requirement:
1. Ordinary Portland cement (OPC) 43 grade IS : 8112
2. Portland Slag CementIS:455.
3. Portland Pozzalona Cement Is:1489-part-1.
Note: Contractor should procure cement 45 days before the commencement
of work.
Machinery Requirement:
• Tippers
• Loaders.
• Concrete mixers.
• Excavators
• Vibratory rollers.
• Paver.
• Concrete vibrators.
• Bitumen sprayer
• Tandem roller.
• Grader
• Sweeping machine ( Tractor mounted Brush Type)
• Dozer
• Water tanker. Etc
• Tools based on requirement of day to day workers activity wise tools
• Technical equipments: Total Station, GPS instrument, Tapes of different sizes.
• Safety gadgets for workers as required & recommended by safety manager.
 FIXING OF SEQUENCE OF WORKS TO START
EXECUTION OF FIELD WORK

1. Fixing of road alignments ( Centre line, Top width & Total bottom width ) using total
station equipment.
2. Payments are made per Rs/ Km.
3. Clearing & grubbing site. Measured in m2. payment Rs/m2.
4. Leveling of surface by way cutting & filling entire surface, by using front end dozer or by
using front blade of any mount machine.(payment Rs/m2.)
5. Compaction of existing road way duly watering the total surface by using vibratory roller
until the surface material is achieved 30 CBR value. In case if the CBR is only 2% of the
existing earth the a capping layer has to be provided of CBR value of 10 %
6. Construction of embankment as per required height spreading layer by layer by dozer with
the material already procured & staked on site edges or on the compacted road original
ground including to the entire width of shoulders. .
7. Compaction of spread earthen layers should be done layer after layer of 250 mm thick
compacted to 150 mm, by watering to get optimum moisture & compaction of 95 %.
8. This embankment height is called sub grade, on this layer another layer of Sub base
is provided basing on number of commercial vehicles plying on the pavement, based achievement
of CBR value of material & compaction achievement of 97% density.
9.During formation of embankment most important issue to be noted are , Camber, Super elevation
Near turnings, lastly gradient angle or slope in hillock areas.
10. In case of encountering rock boulders, control blasting must be adopted, are heating and
breaking manually, as per advice of Inspector who has License for blasting activity.
Construction of Base & crust thickness:
Base layers are generally constructed with WBM or WMM on the Sub Base layer
of embankment.
 WBM layers are constructed usually in two or multiple layers ranging from
65mm size, which are available by manually breaking, remaining top layers are
of 40mm size.
 These layers are thickness ranges from 100mm to 75 mm. The voids are filled up
during consolidation with finer aggregates of 12mm & 6mm siege called
Screening, Gravel as binding material on top which also acts as sealing layers
some time which must carry limitations of PI & Li.
 WMM layers are also constructed usually in two or multiple layers ranging from
150mm size to 300 mm based on the design of road crust design as per CBR
CURVES which are dependent on Number of commercial vehicles plying on that
roads. This construction is done layer by layer only.
 The wet mix macadam is prepared in a pug mill at plant place of installation. The
material particle of aggregates range from 20mm down.
 Machine used in this process are, Grader , Vibratory roller . Water tanker &
leveling instrument.
 Consolidation process by Roller must be done slowly with 5 km/hr speed, so that
every particle must be compacted three to four times so that the proctors density
should be achieve to 98%, duly using water to optimum compaction achievement.
 Payments are done on CUM basis.
 CONSTRUCTION OF PAVEMENT SURFACES.
 Riding surface pavements are by way of utility:
1. Flexible pavements.( WBM/WMM + Bituminouspavement)
2. Rigid pavement (WBM/WMM + Concrete).
Where do we use these pavements & why:
Flexible (Bituminous) pavements are used :
 For smooth riding.
 Economical construction.
 Easy to maintain.
 When lengthy Kms are required to be paved.
 Where no water logging areas are there.
 Can be paved in multiple layers of different composition.
 Cannot be friendly with water.
Rigid (concrete) pavements are used :
 Not economical.
 Generally in water longing areas.
 For short distances.
 Skilled design & costly machinery is required.
 Less maintenance, but if damaged costly maintenance.
CBR CURVES & DETERMINATION OF CRUST THICKNESS OF ROAD WAY
Corrugations & Shoving
FAILURE OF FLEXIBLE PAVEMENT

Block Edge
Alligater

Transverse Reflection
Longitudinal

Slippage Corrugation/Shoving Rutting

 Settlement Upheava Patch failure
l

Pothole Wetherein Bleeding

Longitudinal surface streaking

Polishing Loss of aggregates
 FAILURES IN CONCRETE PAVEMENT

SCALING SHRINKAGE

Joint Spalling PUMPING

POOR QUALITY DRAINAGE SYSTEM ALONG THE ROAD:
MACINERY REQUIREMENT