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WHAT IS VALVE???
• A valve is a device that regulates, directs or
controls the flow of a fluid (gases, liquids,
fluidized solids, or slurries) by opening,
closing, or partially obstructing various
passageways. Valves are technically fittings ,
but are usually discussed as a separate
category. In an open valve, fluid flows in a
direction from higher pressure to lower
pressure.
CLASSIFICATION OF VALVES BASED ON THEIR
FUNCTION.
• ISOLATION VALVE
An isolation valve in a fluid handling
system, that stops the flow of process media to a given
location, usually for maintenance or safety purposes.
1. Gate valve
2. Plug valve
3. Ball valve
4. Piston valve
5. Diaphragm valve
6. Butterfly valve
7. Pinch valve
• REGULATION VALVE (CONTROL VALVE)
A control valve is used to control fluid flow by varying the
size of the flow passage.
This enables the direct control of flow rate and the
consequential control of process quantities such as pressure,
temperature, and liquid level.
1. Globe valve
2. Plug valve
3. Ball valve
4. Piston valve
5. Diaphragm valve
6. Butterfly valve
7. Pinch valve
8. Needle valve
• NON RETURN VALVE
1. They have good shutoff characteristics.
2. They are bidirectional.
3. The pressure loss through the valve is
minimal.
Disadvantages of Gate Valves
1. Gate valves are not quick opening or closing valves. Full-
stem travel to open or close a gate valve requires many turns
of its hand wheel or an actuator.
2. Gate valves require large space envelope for installation,
operation, and mainte- nance.
3. In systems experiencing high-temperature fluctuations,
wedge-gate valves may have excessive leakage past the seats
due to changes in the angular relationship between the wedge
and the valve seats caused by piping loads on the valve ends.
4. Repair or machining of valve seats in place is difficult.
• Gate valves normally have flanged ends . Gate valves are
typically constructed from cast iron, cast carbon steel, gun
metal, stainless steel, alloy steels, and forged steels.
• Gate valves are characterized as having either a rising or a
nonrising stem. Valves with rising stems are used when it
is important to know by immediate inspection whether
the valve is open or closed . Nonrising stems are used
where vertical space is limited or underground. The stem
is threaded into the gate. As the hand wheel on the stem
is rotated, the gate travels up or down the stem on the
threads while the stem remains vertically stationary. This
type of valve will almost always have a pointer indicator
threaded onto the upper end of the stem to indicate the
position of the gate.
PLUG VALVE
• Plug valves are valves with cylindrical or
conically tapered "plugs" which can be rotated
inside the valve body to control flow through
the valve. Plug valves, also called cocks,
generally are used for the same full-flow service
as gate valves, where quick shutoff is required.
They are used for steam, water, oil, gas,
and chemical liquid service. Plug valves are not
generally designed for the regulation of flow.
Picture
Advantages of Plug Valves
1.Simple design with few parts.
2.Quick to open or close.
3. Can be serviced in place.
4.Offers minimal resistance to flow.
Disadvantages of Plug Valves
1. Requires greater force to actuate, due to high
friction.
2. NPS 4 (DN 100) and larger valves require use of
actuators.
3. Reduced port, due to tapered plug.
4. Typically, plug valves may cost more than ball
valves.
Typical Applications of Plug Valves
• Air, gaseous, and vapor services
• Natural gas piping systems
• Coal slurries, mineral ores, mud, and sewage
applications
• Oil piping systems
• Vacuum to high-pressure applications
BALL VALVE
Ball valve is a form of quarter-turn valve which
uses a hollow, perforated and pivoting ball to
control flow through it. It is open when
the ball's hole is in line with the flow and closed
when it is pivoted 90-degrees by
the valve handle
ADVANTAGE
• Ball valves are durable
• Performing well after many cycles, and reliable,
closing securely even after long periods of use.
• Excellent choice for shutoff and control applications,
• Ball valve is ease to operate & repair.
• Supports pressures up to
1000 bar and temperatures up to 752 °F (400 °C),
depending on design and materials used.
DISADVANTAGE
• One disadvantage of a ball valve is that they trap
water in the center cavity while in the closed
position. In the event of a freeze, the sides can
crack due to expansion of ice forming
• Wear and tear: When used to regulate the wrong
types of fluids, such as slurries, ball valves can stick
in position and become jammed due to suspended
particles being trapped. This can cause the valve to
wear, or to become damaged or stuck
DIAPHRAGM VALVE
• Diaphragm valves (or membrane valves)
consists of a valve body with two or more
parts, a diaphragm, and a "weir or saddle" or
seat upon which the diaphragm closes
the valve. The valve is constructed from either
plastic or metal.
Advantages of Diaphragm Valves
1.Can be used as on-off and throttling service valves.
2. Offer good chemical resistance due to variety of linings
available.
3. Stem leakage is eliminated.
4. Does not have pockets to trap solids, slurries, and other
impurities. It is suitable for slurries and viscous fluids.
5. These valves are particularly suitable for hazardous
chemicals and radioactive fluids.
6. These valves do not permit contamination of flow
medium, thus they are used extensively in food processing,
pharmaceutical, brewing, and other applications which
cannot tolerate any contamination.
Disadvantages of Diaphragm Valves
1. The weir may prevent full drainage of piping.
2. Working temperatures and pressures are limited by
the diaphragm material. Generally the pressures are
limited to 200 psi (1380 kPa) and temperatures up to
400 F (204 C).
3. The diaphragm may also limit the hydrostatic
pressure.
4. The diaphragm may experience erosion when used
extensively in severe throttling service containing
impurities.
5. Diaphragm valves are available in limited sizes,
usually NPS ¹⁄₂ to 12 (DN 15 to 300).
Typical Applications of Diaphragm Valves
1. Clean or dirty water and air service
applications
2. De-mineralized water systems
3. Corrosive applications
4. Rad waste systems in nuclear facilities
5. Vacuum service
6. Food processing, pharmaceutical, and
brewing systems
Types of Diaphragm Valves
• Primarily there are two basic designs of
diaphragm valves:
• Weir Type
• straight-through types.
weir Type
• a weir is provided as an integral part of the valve
body. The weir acts as the valve seat against which
the diaphragm is compressed to stop the flow. This
type of diaphragm valve is generally produced in
large sizes. The raised weir reduces the amount of
diaphragm travel from the fully open to the fully
closed position, thus reducing the amount of stress
and strain in the diaphragm.
Straight-Through Diaphragm Valves
• When the straightway valve is open, its
diaphragm lifts high for full streamline flow in
either direction. When the valve is closed, the
diaphragm seals tight for positive closure even
with gritty or fibrous materials in the line.
BUTTERFLY VALVE
• Rotating the actuator turns the disc either
parallel or perpendicular to the flow. Unlike a
ball valve, the disc is always present within the
flow, so it induces a pressure drop, even when
open. A butterfly valve is from a family
of valves called quarter-turn valves.
ADVANTAGE
• They are small and, when actuated
pneumatically, open and close very quickly.
• The disc is lighter than a ball, and the valve
requires less structural support than a ball valve
of comparable diameter.
• Butterfly valves are very precise, which makes
them advantageous in industrial applications.
• They are quite reliable and require very little
maintenance
DISADVANTAGE
• One disadvantage of butterfly valves is that
some portion of the disc is always presented
to the flow, even when fully opened.
APPLICATION
1. Cooling water, air, gases, and other similar applications
2. Corrosive services requiring lined valves
3. Food processing, chemical, and pharmaceutical services
4. Slurry and similar services
5. High-pressure and high-temperature water and steam services
6. Throttling service involving low differential pressures, as in
cooling water or air supply systems
7. Vacuum service
PINCH VALVE
• A pinch valve is a full bore or fully ported type
of control valve which uses a pinching effect to
obstruct fluid flow.
PINCH VALVE
• Major components of a pinch valve consists of
body and a sleeve
• The sleeve material can be selected upon the
corrosiveness and abrasiveness of the flow
media, a suitable synthetic polymer can be
chosen.
• A pinch valve may be the best type of valve
for flow control application if the operation
temperature is within the limit of the polymer.
ADVANTAGE
• Low & easy maintenance
• Low weight
• Very fast opening/closing times
• Less air consumption
• Self cleaning
• Permanent seal with tight shutoff
• Minimal turbulence & friction
• No mechanical parts, and no bearings, seals or packing
required.
• Only one replaceable part (elastomer sleeve)
DISADVANTGES
• Temperature range is limted
• Medium operating pressure is limited
• Face to face length may be an issue when
limited space for fitting the valve is available.
APPLICATION
• Cement industry
• Waste water industry
• Chemical industry
• Food industry
• Beverage industry
• Ceramic-/Glass-/Plastic industry
PISTON VALVE
• A piston valve is a device used to control the
motion of a fluid along a tube or pipe by
means of the linear motion of a piston within
a chamber or cylinder.
APPLICATION
• EXCELLENT PERFORMANCE IN STEAM SERVICE
• PREFERD VALVE FOR THERMIC FLUID
SERVICE(HIGH TEMP. 2500C AND UPWARDS)
• FATTY ACID
• GASSES AND HAZARDOUS FLUIDS.
GLOBE VALVE
• A globe valve, different from ball valve, is a
type of valve used for regulating flow in a
pipeline, consisting of a movable disk-type
element and a stationary ring seat in a
generally spherical body.
ADVANTAGE
1 Full closing feature is good.
2. Throttling feature is good.
3. Compared to gate valves, stroke is shorter
so opening-closing time is shorter.
4. Body ring seating surface process is easier.
Disadvantages
1. Compared to gate valves, pressure loss is
higher.
2. They require a larger amount of force or an
actuator with a larger torque, to close under
high pressure
APPLICATION
1. Cooling water systems where flow needs to be regulated
2. Fuel oil system where flow is regulated and leak tightness is of
importance.
3. High-point vents and low-point drains when leak tightness and
safety are major considerations.
4. Feed water, chemical feed, condenser air extraction, and extraction
drain systems.
5. Boiler vents and drains, main steam vents and drains, and heater
drains.
6. Turbine seals and drains.
Swing check valve or Tilting disc check valve