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16 Methods
3
The p Chart for Fraction
Defective
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The p Chart for Fraction Defective
Suppose that when a process is in control, the probability
that any particular item is defective is p (equivalently, p is
the long-run proportion of defective items for an in-control
process) and that different items are independent of one
another with respect to their conditions.
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The p Chart for Fraction Defective
Also, if np 10 and n(1 – p) 10. has approximately a
normal distribution. In the case of known p (or a chart
based on target value), the control limits are
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The p Chart for Fraction Defective
Usually the value of p must be estimated from the data.
Suppose that k samples from what is believed to be an
in-control process are available, and let
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The p Chart for Fraction Defective
The p chart for the fraction of defective items has its center
line at height p and control limits
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Example 6
A sample of 100 cups from a particular dinnerware pattern
was selected on each of 25 successive days, and each
was examined for defects.
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Example 6 cont’d
10
Example 6 cont’d
Figure 16.5
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The c Chart for Number of
Defectives
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The c Chart for Number of Defectives
We now consider situations in which the observation at
each time point is the number of defects in a unit of some
sort.
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The c Chart for Number of Defectives
Recall that if Y is a Poisson random variable with
parameter , then
E(Y) = V(Y) = Y =
LCL = – 3 UCL = + 3
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The c Chart for Number of Defectives
With xi denoting the total number of defects in the ith unit
(i = 1, 2, 3, . . .), then points at heights x1, x2, x3 , . . . are
plotted on the chart.
7 10 9 12 13 6 13 7 5 11 8 10
13 9 21 10 6 8 3 12 7 11 14 10
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Example 7 cont’d
LCL = 9.79 – 3
= .40
UCL = 9.30 + 3
= 19.18
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Example 7 cont’d
Figure 16.6
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Example 7 cont’d
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Control Charts Based on Transformed Data
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Control Charts Based on Transformed Data
Table 16.3
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Control Charts Based on Transformed Data
Figure 16.6
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Control Charts Based on Transformed Data
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Control Charts Based on Transformed Data
Y = h(X ) = sin–1
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Control Charts Based on Transformed Data
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Control Charts Based on Transformed Data
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