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TRENDS, NETWORKS,

AND CRITICAL
THINKING IN THE 21 ST

CENTURY CULTURE
Network

 Itis a set of units like nerves, species,


individuals, institutions or states, and a
rule that determine the “magnitude,
and /or direction of ties.

A group of people with whom we


interact every day.
 Are set of nodes and ties.
Nodes

the things that are usually connected.


It might be a person, a computer, or
even a hyperlinked text.

Refers to the actors or social entities.


Can be simultaneously related to
multiple networks
Ties
relationships that are formed
through the connection that exist
among individuals.
Understanding local networks generally
refers to interactions of various
dimensions-political, social, economic,
cultural, ethical, and others that are
done on the national level.
Due to the rapid advancements in
technology and globalization,
issues arising in these context
are becoming more complex.
LESSON 1

CRITICAL THINKING:
SKILLS AND ATTITUDES
Misconceptions about critical

.
thinking

x
Critical thinking is nothing but the concerned with correct reasoning.
activity of making criticisms
Critical thinking is nothing but deals with the coherence of the
logical thinking structure of reasoning and the
relevance of the content of reasoning
Critical thinking is nothing but the effective decision making requires
formal study of some formal the right-thinking skills.
reasoning skills that are hardly
useful in dealing with real-life
issues.
When we consider thinking as a
good thinking and strategic
thinking?
What is strategic thinking?
Strategic thinking
when any form of thinking regards as a tool
or instrument and used in most appropriate way.

WHAT IS GOOD THINKING?


Good thinking
a desirable form of thinking that enables us
to achieve a given purpose or objective.
Creative or Innovative thinking
most appropriate form of thinking for
generating new insights, novel
approaches, fresh perspectives and
whole new ways of understanding and
conceiving things.
Meditative thinking
most appropriate form of thinking for
acquiring a sense of inner peace
and profound or spiritual insights
about human existence.
Instinctive thinking

most appropriate kind of


thinking for situations that require
quick decisions.
critical thinking is good when it is used
strategically, when it is used
to analyze and
evaluate reasoning or argumentation in
order to come with sound judgments or good decisions.
ARGUMENTATION, REASONING, AND CRITICAL
THINKING

- Persuasiveness – is a psychological
matter that may be influenced by things
having no relevant connection to
reasoning. (force, pity, popular beliefs, ignorance, irrelevant attacks to the person)

- Explanation – clarifies, elaborates, or


qualifies a certain claim but does not justify
it.
Argumentation involves only statements, which are
linguistic expressions that are either true or false. An
argument has a structure consisting of a premise or a
set of premises.
Premise is a statement that provides a reason for
accepting a certain claim.
Conclusion – statement that expresses certain claim.
Two general types of reasoning:
1. Deductive – the support that a premise provides is
complete hence the truth of its conclusion is
certain.(valid or invalid)
2. Inductive - the support that a premise provides is
incomplete and so it’s conclusion is merely probable.
(weak or strong argument)
DEFINING CRITICAL THINKING
Smith – “a form of higher-order thinking
consciously controlled reflective thinking
thought that draws on, but can be
distinguished from, lower-order cognitive
processes like perception, attention, and
memory.”
Ennis – “reasonably reflective thinking that
is focused on deciding what to believe or
do.”
Egan – defines critical thinking as:
 Methodical analysis of reasoning.

 Allows us to take control of our thinking rather than


letting it become hijacked by convenience, mindset,
assumptions, and bias.
 Critical thinkers are able to ensure that they think or
reason with the greatest clarity and precision of which
they are capable of.
 Critical thinkers take the time necessary to make
excellent decisions rather than choosing to make fast,
good enough decisions.
 Critical thinkers seek first to understand.
Core Critical Thinking Attitudes

 TRUTH SEEKING. concerned with becoming and remaining


well-informed.
 INQUISITIVE. being curious about the real nature of things
and being inclined to ask intelligent and relevant question.
 CONFIDENT IN REASONING. having a trust in the process
of reasoned inquiry and one’s own ability to reason.
 JUDICIOUS. displays maturity and thoughtfulness in decision
making.
 ANALYTICAL. having a disposition to understand complex
concepts by means of simple concepts.
 OPEN-MINDED. being flexible in considering alternative
views and opinions.
 SYSTEMATIC. Being coherent and organized in one’s
reasoning.
 Core Critical Thinking Attitudes

Truth
Seeking

Systematic
Inquisitive

Critical
Open-
minded Spirit Confident in
Reasoning

Analytical Judicious
CORE CRITICAL THINKING SKILLS
COGNITIVE SKILLS FUNCTIONS SUBSKILLS

Interpretation To comprehend and Categorize, decode,


express meanings significance, clarify
meaning.
Analysis To identify inferential Examines ideas,
relationships among identify arguments,
statements or identify reasons and
beliefs. claims.
Inference To identify and Questioning
gather information evidence and
necessary in drawing conclusions.
drawing reasonable
conclusions.
Evaluation To assess the Assess credibility of
credibility of claims, assess
statements and the quality of arguments.
logical strength of
the inferential
relationships among
them
Explanation To clearly and State result, justify
coherently present procedure, present
the result of one’s arguments
reasoning

Self-regulation To self-consciously Self-monitor, self-


monitor, asses, and correct
correct one’s own
reasoning

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