GYANMANJARI INSTITUTE OF

TECHNOLOGY
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

Subject Name: Elementary Structural Design

Topic Name: Introduction to Elementary Structural Design

23/01/2020 1
 Index
 GTU Teaching Scheme

 GTU Syllabus

 Course Outcomes

 Rubrics

 Assignments & Evaluation Sheets

 Lesson Planning

 Books

 Web links, Blogs and Journals

 Question Bank

 Examples Work book

23/01/2020 2
 GTU Teaching Scheme

23/01/2020 3
 GTU Syllabus
Sr. No. Topics Teachin Weight
g Hrs age (%)
1. Introduction: 04 10
Objectives, Properties of Reinforced Concrete and Structural
Steel, Loads & load combinations, Methods of Analysis, Codes
& specifications, Design Philosophies - Working stress
Method, Ultimate Load Method, Limit State Method,
Plastic Method.
2. Limit state design of RC Element 26 45

(A) Philosophy of Limit state design:

(B) Design of Beams
(C) Design of Slabs
(D) Design of Columns
(E) Design of Foundations

23/01/2020 4
 GTU Syllabus
Sr. No. Topics Teachin Weight
g Hrs age (%)
3. Limit state design of steel elements 26 45
(A.) Philosophy of limit state design
(B.) Connections
(C.) Axial force design
(D.) Design for beams and beam-columns
(E.) Footing

23/01/2020 5
 Course Outcome

 Understand various design philosophy to be used in the design of structural elements

 Design basic structural elements like slab, beams, columns and foundation etc. using
steel and concrete as materials.
 Design basic structural elements slab, beams, columns and foundation etc. using limit
state approach.

23/01/2020 6
 Rubrics

 PA(I)
1.) ORAL VIVA: 20 Marks

2.) Example Work Book- 20 Marks

3.) Group Project Work- 40 Marks

 20+20+40 Marks will be converted into 20 Marks

23/01/2020 7
 Assignments & Evaluation
No. Of
Sr. No. Details of Project Students
allowed
1.* Excel sheet preparation of designing of beams(Cantilever Beam, 3
Simply supported beam)
2. Design and preparation of reinforcement cage of two way slab. 4

3. Prepare models of different types of footings. 4

4.* Excel sheet for designing of short column 3

5.* Comparison of Split Tensile strength of M20 grade of concrete by using 4

glass fibre in different proportion (DE PROJECT)
6.* Excel sheet for designing of axially loaded footing (rectangular, 3
trapezoidal)
23/01/2020 8
 Assignments & Evaluation
No. Of
Sr. No. Details of Project Students
allowed
7. Stress-Strain curve of a steel, aluminium, brass, cast iron rod of a same diameter. 3

8. Modulus of Elasticity test of M30 & M35 grade of concrete. 3

9. Schematic model preparation of G+1 building showing load transmitting actions 5

10.* Model preparation of pre stressed beam and strength comparison with normal 5
beam

23/01/2020 9
 Evaluation System

23/01/2020 10
 Lesson Planning
 Lesson Planning

23/01/2020 11
 Books
 Reference Books:

 Reference Books (RC Design)

1. Shah & Karve; Limit State Theory & Design of Reinforced Concrete; Structure Pub., Pune

2. Dr. H.J. Shah; Reinforced concrete Vol-I; Charotar Pub. Anand

3. A.K.Jain; Design of Concrete Structures, Nem chand Publication

3. IS: 456 - Code of practice for plain and reinforced concrete

4. IS: 875 (Part I to V) - Code of practice for structural safety of Buildings Loading standards

5. IS: 1893 - Criteria for earthquake resistant design of structures

6. IS: 13920 -Code of Practice for ductile detailing of RC structure subjected to seismic force

23/01/2020 12
 Books
 Reference Books (Steel Design)
1. N. Subramanian; Steel Structures, Oxford Publication
2. Arya A.S. & Ajamani J.L.; Design of Steel Structures; Nemchand & Bros., Roorkee
3. Dayaratnam P.; Design of Steel Structures; Wheel or pub. co., Delhi
4. Ramamrutham S. & Narayanan R.; Design of Steel Structures; Dhanpatrai & Sons, Delhi
5. K. S. Sai Ram; Design of Steel Structures, Pearson
 IS: 800 – 2007, Code of practice for General Construction in steel
7. IS: 875 - (Part I to V) - Code of practice for structural safety of building loading standards
8. IS: 226 - Structural steel (Standard Quality)
9. SP: 6(1) - Structural steel section
10. SP: 6(6) - Application of plastic theory in design of steel structures

23/01/2020 13
 Web Links, Blogs and Journals
Sr. No. Web links
1. https://onlinecourses.nptel.ac.in/noc18_ce23
2. http://www.indianconcreteinstitute.org/
3. https://www.masterbuilder.co.in/
Sr. No. Blogs
1. https://limitstatelessons.blogspot.com/
2. http://practical.engineering/blog/
3. http://www.cadeploy.com/Fabrication-Drawings.shtml
4. https://www.thestructuralmadness.com/2016/06/ductility-in-structures.html
Sr. No. Journals
1. Indian Concrete Journal
2. Springer.com
3. Civil Engineering & Construction Review
4. Master builder
23/01/2020 14
5. NBM & CW
 Question Bank
 Question Bank

23/01/2020 15
 Examples Work Book
 Examples Work Book for Concrete
 Examples Work Book for Steel

23/01/2020 16
 LET’s BEGIN OUR ESD JOURNEY

23/01/2020 17
 What is Structural Engineering?

 Structural engineering is a sub-discipline of civil engineering in which structural engineers are trained
to design the 'bones and muscles' that create the form and shape of man made structures. Structural
engineers need to understand and calculate the stability, strength and rigidity of built structures
for buildings
Structural
Engineering

Engineering Structural Analysis Structural Structural

Mechanics –I Analysis- II Design
Semester 3 Semester- 4 Semester 5 Sem-6-8

Design of
Mechanics of Displacement of Influence line Design of Steel
Mechanics of Load Statically concrete
Rigid Bodies SDS diagram Structures
Deformable transmission Indeterminate structures
bodies action of Arch, structures
Cables, Dams
and Columns
and Struts Building Main Steel
18 23/01/2020 Structural Structural
elements elements
 Introduction
 What do You mean by Design?
 Design means to plan or to make drawings for appearance or to show the structure
which is not yet constructed. So, the structure which is not built for that, we have to
plan, we have to make drawings, and that is called design.
 Structural Design- Role of a structural engineer
 Architect
 Structural Engineer

23/01/2020 19
 Introduction
 The general works of the structural engineer are as follows:
 Finalizing the frame work and tentative sizes of beams, columns etc., considering the
site conditions and structural requirements.
 Detailed Structural Drawings
 Work progress as per the structural drawings
 Analysing the structure
 Estimating the loads on the structure
 Design the structural elements

23/01/2020 20
 Introduction
 What is Structural Engineering?

23/01/2020 21
 Reinforced Concrete
 What is Reinforced Concrete?
 To make something stronger- reinforced concrete, we make it with that steel bar. So,
we make concrete stronger with the steel bars; that is called actually the reinforced
concrete.
 Advantages of Reinforced Concrete:-
 High Compressive strength.
 Corrosion free and free from weathering effects
 Good fire proofing material
 Whole structure can be a monolithic
 Easily cast in required size and Shape
 Low maintenance cost and good service life.

23/01/2020 22
 Introduction
 Disadvantages of Concrete:-

 Weak in tension and cracks easily when subjected to tensile stresses.

 It requires the formwork to be kept for many days. The cost of the formwork varies
from 30 to 40 percent of the total cost of the project.
 Not completely impervious.
 Uneconomical for long span structures.

NOTE: Unit weight of concrete should be taken as 24 kN/m3 or 25 kN/m3.

23/01/2020 23
 Structural Elements
 Structural Elements of a Building

23/01/2020 24
 Loads
 Loads on the structure
 Dead Load
 Live Load
 Wind load
 Seismic load

23/01/2020 25
 Types of Loads
 Dead Load:-
 Dead loads are permanent or stationary loads which are transferred to structure
throughout the life span.
 Dead load is primarily due to self weight of structural members, permanent partition
walls, fixed permanent equipments and weight of different materials.
 It majorly consists of the weight of roofs, beams, walls and column etc. which are
otherwise the permanent parts of the building.
 The calculation of dead loads of each structure are calculated by the volume of each
section and multiplied with the unit weight.
 Unit weights of some of the common materials are presented in table below:
 Brick Masonry=18 kN/m3
 Plain cement concrete= 24 kN/m3
 Reinforced cement concrete= 25 kN/m3

23/01/2020 26
 Types of Loads
 Live Load:-

 Live loads are either movable or moving loads with out any acceleration or impact.
 These loads are assumed to be produced by the intended use or occupancy of the
building including weights of movable partitions or furniture etc..
 Live loads keeps on changing from time to time.
 These loads are to be suitably assumed by the designer.
 It is one of the major load in the design.
 The minimum values of live loads to be assumed are given in IS 875 (part 2)–1987.
 It depends upon the intended use of the building.

23/01/2020 27
 Types of Loads
 Wind Load:-
 Wind load is required to be considered in structural design especially when the heath
of the building exceeds two times the dimensions transverse to the exposed wind
surface.
 For low rise building say up to four to five stories, the wind load is not critical because
the moment of resistance provided by the continuity of floor system to column
connection and walls provided between columns are sufficient to accommodate the
effect of these forces.
 Further in limit state method the factor for design load is reduced to 1.2 (DL+LL+WL)
when wind is considered as against the factor of 1.5(DL+LL) when wind is not
considered.
 The calculation of wind loads depends on velocity of wind and size of the building.
 IS-875 (Part 3) -1987).

23/01/2020 28
 Types of Loads
 Earthquake Load:-
 Earthquake forces constitute to both vertical and horizontal forces on the building.
 The total vibration caused by earthquake may be resolved into three mutually
perpendicular directions, usually taken as vertical and two horizontal directions.
 The movement in vertical direction do not cause forces in superstructure to any
significant extent. But the horizontal movement of the building at the time of
earthquake is to be considered while designing.
 IS 1893-2015 (Part IV)

23/01/2020 29
Strength and Serviceability

 The design of a structure or the members of a structure is made to ensure an

adequate degree of safety.
 The members are designed with a capacity to carry the loads those are significantly
greater than the anticipated service loads.
 Even though, the members are designed to carry anticipated loads, adequate
serviceability is also necessary.
 The deflection and cracking of the members should not be excessive.
 The deflections should be limited to ensure the better appearance of the structure and
to prevent the ceiling plaster and partition walls from cracking. The cracking should not
be excessive because if there is a crack more than specified range then water can
pass through the structure and it may reach to the reinforcement so steel
reinforcement may get damaged.

23/01/2020 30
Methods of Design

Working Stress Design Limit State Design

 This method is based on the elastic  This method is based on the actual stress-strain
curves of steel and concrete, the stress-strain
theory which assumes that concrete and curve is nonlinear. In Limit state design, inelastic
steel both are elastic and stress and behaviour of the materials are considered.
strain curve is linear for both steel and
 Partial safety factors are applied to get design
concrete. values of stresses.
f
 Factor of safety are applied to yield fd 
m
stresses to get permissible stresses.
 fd= design strength
σcbc= Permissible stress in concrete in  F=characteristic strength
bending compression
 γm= partial safety factor
f ck 20
 cbc    6.66 N / mm2 = 1.5 for concrete
F .O.S. 3
= 1.15 for steel
23/01/2020 31
Differentiate between WSM and LSM
 Serviceability criteria like cracking and
 Serviceability criteria is not considered. deflection is considered.

 It gives larger sections, therefore less  It gives smaller sections, therefore it is

economical. more economical.

 For designing a few structures like liquid  Limit state design is to be used to design
retaining structures & highway bridges, building RCC elements.
WSD is used.
 LSM deals with the load that can cause
 WSM does not consider the mode of the failure of the structure.
failure of the structure.

23/01/2020 32
Codes of Practice

 A code is a set of technical specification intended to control the design and construction.
 Code is used to check the quality of structures.
 Code is legal document to see that sound structures are designed and constructed.
 Code is used to protect the buildings from serious damages.
 IS: 456-2000
 IS 875 (Part- I,II,III,IV, V)
 IS 800
 Steel Table

23/01/2020 33
Steel as Reinforcement

 In reinforced concrete, concrete being weak in tension, steel bars are used to carry the
tension. Steel bars are also used to carry compression in beams and columns.
 Steel reinforcement should possess the following properties:-
 It should possess high tensile strength.
 It should be able to develop a good bond with concrete.
 It should possess a high modulus of elasticity.
 It should have the same temperature coefficient of expansion and contraction as
concrete to avoid the development of thermal stresses.
 It should be easily available.

23/01/2020 34
23/01/2020 35
 Introduction to IS:456-2000

 Limit State Method :-

 In the method of design based on limit state concept, the structure shall be designed to
withstand safely all loads liable to act on it throughout its life; it shall also satisfy the
serviceability requirements, such as limitations on deflection and cracking.

 As per IS 456-2000 [Cl. 35.1, Pg. 67]

 The acceptable limit for the safety and serviceability requirements before failure occurs
is called a 'limit state'.

23/01/2020 36
 Types of Limit States Method

Limit State of Collapse Limit State of Serviceability

 Which deals with the strength and  Deflection, cracking, etc. Should be
stability of the structure under the within permissible limits under service
maximum overload. load condition.
 The resistance to bending, shear, torsion  Limit state of serviceability should be
and axial loads at every section shall not considered deflection, cracking fires
be less than the appropriate value at that resistance, durability and vibration.
section produced by the probable most
unfavourable combination of loads on the
structure using the appropriate partial
safety factors.

23/01/2020 37
 Limit state of collapse

 “The resistance to bending, shear, torsion and axial loads at every section shall not be
less than the appropriate value at that section produced by the probable most
unfavourable combination of loads on the structure using the appropriate partial safety
factors.”
 Assumptions made in theory of limit state of collapse in flexure [Cl. 38, Pg. 69]
 Plane sections normal to the axis remain plane after bending.
 The maximum strain in concrete at the outer most compression fibre is taken as
0.0035 in bending.
 The relationship between the compressive stress distribution in concrete and the
strain in concrete may be assumed to be rectangle, trapezoid, parabola or any other
shape which results in prediction of strength in substantial agreement with the results
of test.

23/01/2020 38
 Limit state of collapse

 The tensile strength of the concrete is ignored.

 The stresses in the reinforcement are derived from representative stress-strain curve
for the type of steel used.
 The maximum strain in the tension reinforcement in the section at failure shall not be
less than:
fy
 0.002
1.15 E s

23/01/2020 39
 Limit State of Serviceability
[Deflection, Cl. 23.2.1, Pg. 37]

 The serviceability limit state deals with conditions such as deflections, cracking under
service loads, durability under a given environment, fire resistance, fatigue etc.

 The vertical deflection limits may generally be assumed to be satisfied provided that the
span to depth

 Ratios are not greater than the values obtained as below:

a) Basic values of span to effective depth ratios for spans up to 10m:

 Cantilever 7

 Simply supported 20

 Continuous 26

b) For spans above 10m,the values in (a) may be multiplied by 10/span in metres, except for
cantilever in which case deflection calculations should be made.

23/01/2020 40
 Limit State of Serviceability
[Cracking, Cl. 26.3.3, Pg. 46]

 Unless the calculation of crack widths shows that a greater spacing is acceptable, the
following rules shall he applied to flexural members in normal internal or external
conditions of exposure.
 a) Beams - The horizontal distance between parallel reinforcement bars, or groups,
near the tension face of a beam shall not be greater than the value given in Table 15
depending on the amount of redistribution carried out in analysis and the characteristic
strength of the reinforcement.
 b) Slabs
1) The horizontal distance between parallel main reinforcement bars shall not be more
than three times the effective depth of solid slab or 300 mm whichever is smaller.
2) The horizontal distance between parallel reinforcement bars provided against
shrinkage and temperature shall not be more than five times the effective depth of a
solid slab or 450 mm whichever is smaller.

23/01/2020 41
 Characteristic Strength

 The term 'characteristic strength' means that value of the strength of the material
below which not more than 5 percent of the test results are expected to fall.
 Characteristic Strength= Mean Strength-kS
 f=fm-kS
 Where, k=1.64
S= Standard Deviation
 for reinforcing steel are modified to include the concept of characteristic strength, the
characteristic value shall be assumed as the minimum yield stress/0.2 percent proof
stress.

23/01/2020 42
 Characteristic Load

 The term ‘”characteristic load” means that value of load which has a 95 percent
probability of not being exceeded during the life of the structure.

 Since data are not available to express loads in statistical terms, for the purpose of this
standard, dead loads given in IS 875 (Part 1).imposed loads given in IS 875 (Part 2),
wind loads given in IS 875 (Part 3), snow load as given in IS 875 (Part 4) and seismic
forces given in IS 1893 shall be assumed as the characteristic loads.

23/01/2020 43
 Design Values

 Materials
 The design strength of the materials, fd is given by,
f ck
fd 
m
Where,
 f = characteristic strength of the material

 Ym = partial safety factor appropriate to the material and the limit state being considered.

 Partial safety factor for concrete is 1.5 and for steel is 1.15.

23/01/2020 44
 Design Values

 Design Load
 Design Load, Fd=F x γf
 Where,
 F= Characteristic Load
 γf= partial safety factor

23/01/2020 45
 Partial Safety Factors

(a.) Partial safety factor for material strength:-

 Causes of reduction of material strength in actual structure:
(i.) Inadequate compaction
(ii.) Inadequate curing
(iii.) Construction faults
(iv.) Impurities in materials
(v.) Bad weather
(vi.) Corrosion of reinforcement
(vii.) Improper mixing

23/01/2020 46
 Partial Safety Factors

(b.) Partial Safety Factor for loads:-

i. Error in load assessment
ii. Possible overloading
iii. Load combinations
iv. Repeated loading
v. Modification in loads

23/01/2020 47
Effective Span of Beam or Slab

 IS: 456-2000, Pg. 34, Cl. 22.2

a. The effective span of a member that is not built integrally with its supports shall be
taken as clear span plus the effective depth of slab or beam or centre to centre of
supports, which ever is less.
I. Clear span + effective depth
II. Centre to centre of supports

23/01/2020 48
 ...continue

b. Continuous Beam or Slab:-

lc
1. If Width of support < 12
------------- then use equation 22.2(a)
lc
2. If Width of support > or.---
600 whichever
mm is less
12
then effective span is taken as under :-
I. For end span with one end fixed and other end is continuous or for intermediate
spans, the effective length shall be the clear span between supports;
II. For end span with one end free and the other continuous, the effective span shall be
equal to the clear span plus half the effective depth of the beam or slab or the clear
span plus half the width of the discontinuous support, whichever is less;

23/01/2020 49
 ...continuous

C. Cantilever
 The effective length of a cantilever shall he taken as
Effective length (le)= Length to the face of the support + d/2

 If the cantilever, is the end of continuous beam, then,

Effective length (le)= Length to the centre of support.

23/01/2020 50
Control of Deflection

 As per IS:456-2000, P. 37, Cl. 23.2

 The deflection of • structure or part thereof shall not adversely affect the appearance or
efficiency of the structure or finishes or partitions.
 The vertical deflection limits may generally be assumed to be satisfied provided that
the span to depth ratios are not greater than the values obtained as below:
a.) Basic values of span to effective depth ratios for spans up to 10m:
 Cantilever 7
 Simply supported 20
 Continuous 26
b.) For spans above 10m,the values in (a) may be multiplied by 10/span in metres,
except for cantilever in which case deflection calculations should be made.

23/01/2020 51
 ...continue

c.) Depending on the area and the stress of steel for tension reinforcement, the values in
(a) or (b) shall be modified by multiplying with the modification factor obtained as per
Fig. 4.
d) Depending on the area of compression reinforcement, the value of span to depth ratio
be further modified by multiplying with the modification factor obtained as per Fig. 5.

23/01/2020 52
Cover to Reinforcement

 IS 456-2000, Pg. 46, Cl. 26.4

 The main purpose of providing cover to steel reinforcement is
1. To protect the reinforcement against corrosion,
2. To provide cover against fire
3. To develop the sufficient bond strength along the surface of the steel bar.
 Cover to reinforcement can be indicated by two ways:
 Nominal cover (Clear Cover) :- The thickness of concrete from the surface of
reinforcement bar to the nearest edge of concrete is called nominal cover.
 Effective cover:- The thickness of concrete from the centre of bar to the nearest edge
of the concrete is effective cover.

23/01/2020 53
 ...continued
 Nominal Cover
 Nominal cover is the design depth of concrete cover to all steel reinforcements, including
links. It is the dimension used in design and indicated in the drawings.
 It shall be not less than the diameter of the bar.
 Nominal Cover to Meet Durability Requirement
 Minimum values for the nominal cover of normal weight aggregate concrete which should
be provided to all reinforcement, including links depending on the condition of exposure
described in 8.2.3 shall be as given in Table 16.
 However for a longitudinal reinforcing bar in a column nominal cover shall in any case not
be less than 40 mm, or less than the diameter of such bar.
 In the case of columns of minimum dimension of 200mmor under whose reinforcing bars
do not exceed 12mm, a nominal cover of 25 mm may be used.
 For footings minimum cover shall be 50 mm.

23/01/2020 54
Spacing of Reinforcement

 For the purpose of this clause, the diameter of a round bar shall be its nominal
diameter.
 Minimum Distance Between Individual Bars
 The following shall apply for spacing of bars:
a) The horizontal distance between two parallel main reinforcing bars shall usually be
not less than the greatest of the following:-
1. The diameter of the bar if the diameter are equal,
2. The diameter of the larger bar if the diameters are unequal and
3. 5mm more than the nominal maximum size of the coarse aggregate.

23/01/2020 55
 ...continued

(b.) Minimum Vertical Distance:

 When bars are provided in two or more rows, minimum vertical distance between bars
shall not be less than greater of three values:
I. 15mm
II. 2/3 x Nominal size of aggregate
III. Maximum size of bar

23/01/2020 56
 ...continued

(c.) Maximum distance between bars in tension:- [As per IS 456-2000, P.46, Cl. 26.3.3]

(I) Beam: Shall not exceed values given below:

 The horizontal distance between parallel reinforcement bars, or groups, near the tension face of a
beam shall not be greater than the value given in Table 15.

(II.) Slab:

 The horizontal distance between parallel main reinforcement bars shall not be more than three times
the effective depth of solid slab or 300 mm whichever is smaller.

 The horizontal distance between parallel reinforcement bars provided against shrinkage and
temperature shall not be more than five times the effective depth of a solid slab or 450 mm whichever
is smaller.

23/01/2020 57
Requirements of Reinforcement for Slab

 For Slabs,
 IS 456-2000, P.48, Cl. 26.5.2
1. Minimum Reinforcement
For mild steel- Minimum 0.15% of total cross sectional area & Minimum diameter=10mm
For HYSD bars- Minimum 0.12% of total cross sectional area & Minimum diameter= 8mm
2. Maximum Diameter:
The diameter of bar shall not exceed, 1/8 times total slab thickness.

23/01/2020 58
Requirements of Reinforcement for Beam

 IS: 456-2000, P.46, Cl. 26.5.1

(I.) Minimum tension reinforcement
Area of tension reinforcement:

As 0.85

bd fy

 As= minimum area of tension reinforcement

 b= Width of beam
 d= effective depth of beam
 fy= characteristic strength of steel reinforcement

23/01/2020 59
 ...continued

(II.) Maximum tension reinforcement:

 It shall not be more than 0.04bD.
(III.) Maximum compression reinforcement:
 It shall not be more than 0.04bD.
(IV.) Shear reinforcement:
 The maximum spacing of shear reinforcement measured along the axis of the member
shall not exceed 0.75 d for vertical stirrups and d for inclined stirrups at 45' where d is
the effective depth of the section under consideration.
 In no case shall the spacing exceed 300mm.

23/01/2020 60
 ...continued

 Minimum Shear Reinforcement:-

 IS 456-2000, Pg. 48,
 Minimum shear reinforcement (stirrups):-
Asv 0.4

bS v 0.87 f y

 Where, Asv= total cross sectional area of stirrup legs

 Sv= Stirrup spacing
 b= Width of beam
 fy= characteristic strength of stirrup reinforcement in N/mm2

23/01/2020 61
 Examples

1. For a simply supported slab of clear span 3m, effective depth=140mm and width of
support is 250mm. Find the effective span of slab.

23/01/2020 62
 Examples

2. For a continuous beam clear span is 3m and end supports are fixed. Width of support
is 300mm. Calculate effective span of beam.
 IS 456-2000, Pg. 35, Cl. 22.2(b)

23/01/2020 63
 Examples

3. A simply supported slab having effective depth of 130mm is reinforced with 8mm
diameter- 150mm c/c as main steel and 6mm diameter- 150mm c/c as distribution
steel. Check the slab for cracking.
 IS 456-2000, Pg. 46

23/01/2020 64
 Examples

4. A cantilever beam of effective depth 315mm has span of 2.5m. The percentage of
tensile reinforcement is 1.5%. Fe 250 bars. Check the beam for its depth for deflection
only. Take M20 grade of concrete.
 IS 456-2000, Pg. 37,38

23/01/2020 65
 Examples

 An R.C.C. Beam, 230mm x 400mm overall depth is reinforced by 16mm diameter

bars. If its clear span is 3.6m and support width is 300mm, find the followings with
reference to IS 456-2000.
1. Find side and end covers for reinforcement.
2. Find effective span of the RC beam.
3. Find the minimum area of reinforcement.
4. Find the maximum area of reinforcement.
5. Find the minimum clear distance between the bars.
Use M20 grade of concrete and Fe 415 grade of steel.

23/01/2020 66
 Theory of Pure Bending

 Consider two sections ab and cd in a beam subjected to a pure bending. Due to

bending the top layer is under compression and the bottom layer is under tension. This
is shown in figure-1.
 This means that in between the two extreme layers there must be a layer which
remains un-stretched and this layer is known as neutral layer. Let this be denoted by
NN′.

23/01/2020 67
 ...continued

 The intersection of the neutral plane and the cross-section of the beam is called the
Neutral Axis, which is located at a distance x from the extreme compression fibre.
 The depth of neutral axis x, is defined as its distance from the extreme compression.
As per theory of simple bending, if the beam is homogeneous, neutral axis will pass
through its centroid.
 In our case, Reinforced concrete is not considered as homogeneous section because
it is having reinforcement bars at its bottom or at top level. Therefore, centroid will not
pass through its geometrical centre point, but Neutral axis depends upon amount of
reinforcement.
 As the applied moment is sagging therefore compression will be at top level and
tension will be at bottom level.

23/01/2020 68
 ...continue

• Equation of pure bending theory

M f

I y
My c
fc 
I
My t
ft 
I

23/01/2020 69
 Design requirements of a Beam

Beam Design
Requirements

Strength Serviceability
Check Check

Flexure
Shear Excessive Deflection
Torsion Cracking
23/01/2020 Axial Force 70
 ...continued

23/01/2020 71
 Practical Aspects of R.C.C. Beam

 Size of the Beam

 Cover to the reinforcement

 Spacing of bars

23/01/2020 72
 Practical Aspects of R.C.C. Beam

 Size of the Beam:

 It depends upon the architectural requirements.
 Width and depth of the beam will then depend on the factors affecting the economy of the
formwork.
 Depth of the beam should not vary beam to beam in one building.

Cover to the reinforcement:

 To protect the reinforcement from weather and fire,
 To ensure the grip of concrete over reinforcement so that they act as one and resist the
loads
 Overall Depth, D= effective depth (d)+bar radius + cover.
 Effective cover= D-d= Bar radius + clear cover

23/01/2020 73
 Practical Aspects of R.C.C. Beam

 Effective Depth:
 Effective depth is the distance from extreme compression fibre
to the centroid of tensile reinforcement.
 Spacing Of Bars:

 The bars shall be placed in such a way that they allow the
concrete to enter when placed or a vibrator can be immersed.

23/01/2020 74
 Classification of Beams

Singly Reinforced Beam Doubly Reinforced Beam

 The beam that is longitudinally reinforced only  The beam that is reinforced with steel both in
in tension zone, it is known as singly tension and compression zone, it is known as
reinforced beam. doubly reinforced beam.

 In Such beams, the ultimate bending moment  This type of beam is mainly provided when
and the tension due to bending are carried by the depth of the beam is restricted.
the reinforcement, while the compression is
carried by the concrete.  If a beam with limited depth is reinforced on
the tension side only it might not have
sufficient resistance to oppose the bending
moment.

23/01/2020 75
 Classification of Beams

Rectangular Beam Flanged Beam

 Rectangular beams are those which are rectangular in  When the slab concrete is employed to resist
section. compression of the beam, the beam is called a
flanged beam.

 In flanged beam, beam and slab will cast

 In rectangular beam, beam and slab will not be
monolithic. together & slab reinforcement crosses the
beam reinforcement then they are called as
 Rectangular beam are those which are rectangular in
monolithic.
section and also the flanged sections where slab
concrete exists in tension zone.  The flanged beams will mean the beams where
slab concrete is employed to resist
23/01/2020 compression. 76
 Figure of Flanged Beam

23/01/2020 77
 Types of Beam Sections

 Balanced Section

 Under Reinforced Section

 Over reinforced Section

23/01/2020 78
 ...continued

 Balanced Section
 In this type of design, the section is so proportioned that the steel and concrete both
reach their maximum permissible values of stresses at the same time.
 Thus, at some value of loads, both the materials will fail at the same time. The failure
in this case is called balanced section.

23/01/2020 79
 ...continued
 Under Reinforced Section
 In an under reinforced section, the percentage of steel provided is less than that provided in
balanced section. So the actual neutral axis will shift upwards i.e., (xc > x).
 In under reinforced section, the stress in steel first reaches it permissible value, while the
concrete is under stressed.
 The various features of under reinforced section are as follows :
(i) Steel is fully stressed while concrete is not
(ii) The actual neutral axis lies above the critical neutral axis (x < xc).
(iii) The percentage of steel is less than the balanced section hence the section is economical.
(iv) Ductile failure.
(v) The moment of resistance is less than balanced section.
 In under reinforced section, the failure is ductile because steel fails first and sufficient warning is
given before collapse.
23/01/2020 80
 ...continued
Over Reinforced Section
 In an over reinforced section the percentage of steel provided is greater than the balanced section. So the
actual neutral axis shift downward i.e., x > xc.
 In this section, stress in concrete reaches its permissible value while steel is not fully stressed. Concrete is
brittle and it fails by crushing suddenly. As steel is not fully utilised, the over reinforced section is
uneconomical (steel is much costlier than concrete).
 The various features of over reinforced section are:-
(i) Concrete is fully stressed while steel is not (i.e., the stress in concrete is at its permissible value σcbc but
stress in steel is less than σst).
(ii) The actual neutral axis is below the critical neutral axis i.e., x > xc.
(iii) The percentage of steel is more than the balanced section, so the section is uneconomical.
(iv) Sudden failure.
 A beam bends under bending moment, resulting in a small curvature. At the outer face (tensile face) of the
curvature the concrete experiences tensile stress, while at the inner face (compressive face) it experiences
compressive stress.
23/01/2020 81
 Singly Reinforced Section

 A Singly reinforced rectangular section, strain diagram and stress diagram are shown
in below figure. The formulae for balanced section are derived by using the above
assumptions as follows:-

23/01/2020 82
 ...continued

 Where, Moment of Resistance of the section < Mu

 Step- I:- To find Neutral axis:-
 Assume that the section is balanced section.
 Total Compression = Total Tension
0.36 f ck xu b ---------------------(I)
0.87 Ast f y

0.87 f y Ast
xu  ------------------------------------(II)
0.36 f ck b
 Note that xu must be less than xumax or if its not then take xu=xumax.

23/01/2020 83
 ...continue

 Step II- To find lever arm:-

 From the stress diagram,
 Lever Arm, Z= d-0.42xu -----------------------(III)
 Step III- To find out moment of resistance:-
(1.) For a balanced section
M.R.= Total compression x lever arm
= Total tension x lever arm
Considering compressive forces for balanced section and under reinforced section
Mu  0.36 f ck-----------------------(IV)
bxu (d  0.42 xu )
xu x
Mu  0.36 (1  0.42 u ) f ck bd 2 -----------------------(V)
23/01/2020 d d 84
 ...continued

 For a limiting value, substitute xu,max for xu and Mu,lim for Mu

xu ,max xu ,max
Mu , lim  0.36  0.42 ) f ck bd 2
(1--------------------(VI)
d d
(2.) For a under reinforced section
 Now considering tensile forces (For under reinforced section)
Mu  0.87 f y Ast (d  0.42 xu )
-------------------------------------(VII)
0.87 f y Ast
xu  ----------------------------------------------------(VIII)
0.36 f ck b
0.87 f y Ast
Mu  0.87 f y Ast (d  0.42 )
0.36 f ck b ----------------------- ----(IX)
f y Ast
Mu  0.87 f y Ast d (1  )
23/01/2020 f ck b 85
 Examples based on Singly Reinforced Beam

Singly
Reinforced
Beam

Analysis
Design Based
based
examples
examples

Determine Determine
(I) Type of section
(I) %pt
23/01/2020
(II) Moment of Resistance 86
of section (II) Ast
 Doubly Reinforced Beam

23/01/2020 87