Presented by-

Dipak Das
Bikash Deka
OSI stands for Open Systems Interconnection. It has been developed
by ISO – ‘International Organization of Standardization‘, in the year
1974.

The OSI model is a conceptual or networking framework designed to

implement a set of rules, known as protocols, for transfer of
information between different layers.

The OSI provides a standard for different computer systems to be

able to communicate with each other.

The OSI model can be seen as a universal language for computer

networking. It’s based on the concept of splitting up a
communication system into seven abstract layers, each one stacked
upon the last.
Layer 1: Physical Layer
Layer 2: Data Link Layer
Layer 3: Network Layer
Layer 4: Transport Layer
Layer 5: Session Layer
Layer 6: Presentation Layer
Layer 7: Application Layer
Fig: OSI Model
The physical layer is the first layer of the Open
System Interconnection Model (OSI Model).
The physical layer deals with bit-level
transmission between different devices and
supports electrical or mechanical interfaces
connecting to the physical medium for
synchronized communication.
Functions of Physical Layer:

1.Representation of Bits: Data in this layer consists of stream of bits. The

bits must be encoded into signals for transmission. It defines the type of
encoding i.e. how 0's and 1's are changed to signal.
2.Data Rate: This layer defines the rate of transmission which is the number
of bits per second.
3.Synchronization: It deals with the synchronization of the transmitter and
receiver. The sender and receiver are synchronized at bit level.
4.Interface: The physical layer defines the transmission interface between
devices and transmission medium.
5.Line Configuration: This layer connects devices with the medium: Point to
Point configuration and Multipoint configuration.
6.Transmission Modes: Physical Layer defines the direction of transmission
between two devices: Simplex, Half Duplex, Full Duplex.
Fig : Physical Layer
 Data Link Layer

The data link layer is the protocol layer in a program

that handles the moving of data into and out of a
physical link in a network. The data link layer is
Layer 2 in the Open Systems Interconnection (OSI)
architecture model for a set of telecommunication
protocols. Data bits are encoded, decoded and
organized in the data link layer, before they are
transported as frames between two adjacent nodes
on the same LAN or WAN. The data link layer also
determines how devices recover from collisions that
may occur when nodes attempt to send frames at the
same time
Functions of Data Link Layer :
1.Framing :- The data link layer divides the stream of bits received from the
network layer into manageable data units called frames.
2.Physical Addressing :- If frames are to be distributed to different systems on
the network, the data link layer adds a header to the frame to define the sender
and/or receiver of the frame.
3.Flow Control :- The data rate must be constant on both sides else the data
may get corrupted.
4.Error control :- Error control is normally achieved through a trailer added to
the end of the frame and to detect and retransmit damaged or lost frames.
5.Access control :- When two or more devices are connected to the same link,
data link layer protocols are necessary to determine which device has control
over the link at any given time.
Data Link Layer
The network layer is the third level of the Open Systems
Interconnection Model (OSI Model) and the layer that
provides data routing paths for network
communication. Data is transferred in the form of
packets via logical network paths in an ordered format
controlled by the network layer.

Logical connection setup, data forwarding, routing

and delivery error reporting are the network layer’s
primary responsibilities.
Functions of Network Layer:
1. Logical Addressing
In the internet world, there are two kinds of addressing implemented by the data link layer, it
handles addressing problems locally.
If the network passes through the network boundary, we need another system to distinguish
source and destination systems.
The logical addressing at the network layer while physical addressing at the data link layer is
defined by the MAC address of a device, whereas the IP addressing is determined at the
network layer of the OSI model. This addressing is also called as logical addressing.
The network layer adds a header to the packet which is coming from the upper layer includes
the logical addresses of the sender and receiver.
2. Routing
When two independent networks or links are attached to create an internetwork that is the
network of networks or a large network, the connecting devices route the packets to its
destination.
The forwarding of the data request to servers is known as routing.
3. Fragmentation and Reassembly
The network layer must send data down to the data link layer for transmission. The data or
information that the network layer receives is in the form of a packet and the data that data
link layer forwards is called a frame.
The network layer has the responsibility of Fragmentation and reassembly because some data
link layer technologies have limits on the length of any message that can be sent.
If the packet of data that the network layer has to send is too large, the network layer must
break the packet up, send each packet to the data link layer, and then have pieces reassembled
once they arrive at the network layer on the destination system
Fig : Network Layer
 Transport Layer

 The transport layer is the layer in the open system

interconnection (OSI) model responsible for end-to-end
communication over a network. It provides logical
communication between application processes running
on different hosts within a layered architecture of
protocols and other network components.
 The transport layer is also responsible for the
management of error correction, providing quality and
reliability to the end user. This layer enables the host to
send and receive error corrected data, packets or
messages over a network and is the network component
that allows multiplexing.
Functions of Transport Layer
Connection-Oriented Communication: Devices at the end-points of a network
communication establish a handshake protocol to ensure a connection is robust before data
is exchanged. The weakness of this method is that for each delivered message, there is a
requirement for an acknowledgment, adding considerable network load compared to self-
error-correcting packets. The repeated requests cause significant slowdown of network speed
when defective byte streams or datagrams are sent.

Same Order Delivery: Ensures that packets are always delivered in strict sequence.
Although the network layer is responsible, the transport layer can fix any discrepancies in
sequence caused by packet drops or device interruption.

Traffic Control: Digital communications networks are subject to bandwidth and

processing speed restrictions, which can mean a huge amount of potential for data congestion
on the network. This network congestion can affect almost every part of a network. The
transport layer can identify the symptoms of overloaded nodes and reduced flow rates.

Multiplexing: The transmission of multiple packet streams from unrelated applications or

other sources (multiplexing) across a network requires some very dedicated control
mechanisms, which are found in the transport layer. This multiplexing allows the use of
simultaneous applications over a network such as when different internet browsers are
opened on the same computer. In the OSI model, multiplexing is handled in the service layer.
Fig: Transport Layer
In the Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) model, the
session layer is the fifth layer, which controls the
connections between multiple computers. The
session layer tracks the dialogs between computers,
which are also called sessions. This layer establishes,
controls and ends the sessions between local and
remote applications.
The session layer supports full-duplex and half-duplex
operations and creates procedures for checkpointing,
adjournment, restart and termination. The session
layer is also responsible for synchronizing information
from different sources. For example, sessions are
implemented in live television programs in which the
audio and video streams emerging from two different
sources are merged together. This avoids overlapping
and silent broadcast time.
Functions of Session Layer :
1.Dialog Control : This layer allows two systems to start communication with
each other in half-duplex or full-duplex.

2.Token Management: This layer prevents two parties from attempting the
same critical operation at the same time.

3.Synchronization : This layer allows a process to add checkpoints which are

considered as synchronization points into stream of data. Example: If a
system is sending a file of 800 pages, adding checkpoints after every 50
pages is recommended. This ensures that 50 page unit is successfully
received and acknowledged. This is beneficial at the time of crash as if a
crash happens at page number 110; there is no need to retransmit 1 to100
pages.
Fig : Session Layer
The presentation layer is layer 6 of the 7-layer
Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) model. It
is used to present data to the application
layer (layer 7) in an accurate, well-defined
and standardized format.

The presentation layer is sometimes called

the syntax layer.
Functions of Presentation Layer :
 Data encryption/decryption

 Character/string conversion

 Data compression

 Graphic handling
Fig : Presentation Layer
 Application Layer

The application layer is a layer in the Open Systems

Interconnection (OSI) seven-layer model and in the
TCP/IP protocol suite. It consists of protocols that
focus on process-to-process communication across
an IP network and provides a firm communication
interface and end-user services.
The application layer is only one layer that directly
interacts with the end user.
Functions of Application Layer:
Simple Mail Transfer Protocol
File transfer
Web surfing
Web chat
Email clients
Network data sharing
Virtual terminals
Various file and data operations
Fig : Application Layer
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