UNIT-I

Three Phase Induction Motor

Prepared by Dr. A.VENKADESAN

AP/EEE, NIT Puducherry
 MOTORS
Function:
Motors are the electrical machines which convert
electrical energy into mechanical energy.

MOTORS

Electrical Mechanical
Energy Energy
 Motors
• Working Principle
– Whenever a current carrying conductor is
placed in a magnetic field, the conductor
experiences a mechanical force.
– The direction of induced emf can be found
using Fleming’s left Hand Rule
Direction of force- Fleming’s left Hand Rule Or
motor Rule

dcmotor 4
 Induction motor-
Introduction-construction
• Stator
– Slots are present
– In the slots, conductors are placed which are
connected together to form windings
– Three phase windings are connected in star or
delta.
– Ducts are provided for cooling purpose.
– It is wound for definite number of poles.
– The stator core is laminated to avoid eddy current
loss.
– The material chosen is silicon steel.
 Construction (Stator construction)
• The stator is the stationary electrical part of the motor.
• The stator core of a National Electrical Manufacturers Association
(NEMA) motor is made up of several hundred thin laminations.
• Stator laminations are stacked together forming a hollow cylinder. Coils
of insulated wire are inserted into slots of the stator core.
• Electromagnetism is the principle behind motor operation. Each
grouping of coils, together with the steel core it surrounds, form an
electromagnet. The stator windings are connected directly to the power
source.

MZS
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FKEE, UMP
 Construction (Rotor construction)
• Induction motor rotor types:
 Squirrel cage type:
Rotor winding is composed of copper bars embedded in
the rotor slots and shorted at both end by end rings
Simple, low cost, robust, low maintenance
Fan blades are generally provided for cooling.

 Wound rotor type:

Rotor winding is wound by wires. The winding terminals
can be connected to external circuits through slip rings
and brushes.
Easy to control speed, more expensive.
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Construction (Rotor construction Squirrel cage)

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Squirrel Cage
Squirrel Cage

Short circuits all

rotor bars.

/rotor winding
Slip ring rotor
Slip ring rotor
 Skewing
• The slots are not arranged parallel to the shaft
axis.
– Avoids magnetic locking, smoother motor
operation
– Reduces magnetic hum noise
Comparison
Stator-three phase 2 pole winding

ᶲa= ᶲm cosωt
ᶲb= ᶲm cosωt+120
ᶲc= ᶲm cosωt-120

θ= ωt
 Rotating Magnetic Field(anticlock)
a c b
Rotating Magnetic Field (anticlock)
a c b
Rotating Magnetic Field (clockwise)
 Working principle
• Current carrying conductor placed in a
magnetic field experiences a force.
• The two magnetic fields interact with each
other to produce mechanical force.
 Working principle
• The stator windings are supplied with three
phase AC supply.
• The rotating magnetic field is produced which
rotates with synchronous speed with the
constant magnitude of 1.5φm.
• The rotating magnetic field sweeps the rotor
surface.
• The emf is induced in the rotor.
• The rotor bars are short circuited and hence
current flows in the bars.
 Working principle
• The current carrying conductor produces rotor
magnetic field which interact with stator
magnetic field to produce torque.
Rotating magnetic field
 Rotating Magnetic Field
• The RMF rotates with the magnitude of 1.5ɸm
and with the speed of synchronous speed
which is given by Ns=120f/p, where f is the
frequency and p is the number of poles.
 Proof of constant magnitude
• Mathematical Proof
• Analytical Proof
 Proof of constant magnitude-
analytical proof
• Refer notes
 RMF
• Direction of Rotation of RMF
• Forward-RYB
• Reverse-Interchange any one of the phases
 Can Ns = N?
• The speed of the rotor will be slightly lesser
than the synchronous speed.
• If it is same, there will be no relative motion
between the stator and rotor.
• In practice, due to inertia, the rotor speed will
be lesser.
• The induction motor always runs at the speed
lesser than synchronous speed.
 Slip
• The difference between the synchronous
speed and the rotor speed with respect to the
synchronous speed is known as slip

• Slip=(Ns-N)/Ns
• Ns-N is the slip speed.
 Slip
• At start
• N=0, s=1
• Slip cannot be 0 because motor stops.
• Range of slip 0˂s≤1
• Normally 1% to 5%.
 Effect of slip on rotor parameters
• At start, the frequency of induced emf of rotor
is same as the stator applied voltage.
• As the motor starts rotating, the motor has
some slip corresponding to the speed.
• The frequency of induced emf in rotor is not
same as the stator applied voltage.
• Slip has effect on the frequency of rotor
induced emf.
• Due to this, rotor parameter changes.
Effect on rotor frequency
Effect on rotor induced emf
Effect on rotor resistance and
reactance
Effect on power factor
Effect on current
Effect on current
Torque equation
Torque equation
Condition for maximum Torque
Condition for maximum Torque
Magnitude of maximum torque
Starting Torque put s=1
 Torque slip characteristics
Supply voltage is constant

Low slip region, (sx2)2 is very small as compared to R2 and can be neglected

High slip region, R2 is very small as compared to (sx2)2 and can be neglected
Torque slip characteristics