62 Computing Components:

Components of the System Unit

Processors, Memory, the Cloud, and More
Objectives Overview (slide 1 of 2)
Describe the various
computer and mobile
device cases and the
contents they protect
Describe what is meant by
the Internet of Things
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for Detailed Objectives
Identify characteristics of
Describe multi-core
various personal computer
processors, the components
processors on the market
of a processor, and the four
today, and describe the
steps in a machine cycle
ways processors are cooled
Define a bit, and describe
Explain the advantages and
how a series of bits
services of cloud computing
represents data
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accessible website, in whole or in part.
Objectives Overview (slide 2 of 2)

Explain how program

Differentiate among Describe the purpose
and application
the various types of of adapter cards and
instructions transfer
memory USB adapters
in and out of memory

Explain the purpose Describe how to care

Explain the function
of a power supply for computers and
of a bus
and batteries mobile devices

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3
for Detailed Objectives accessible website, in whole or in part.
Inside the Case (slide 1 of 3)

• The case contains and protects the electronics of the computer or mobile
device from damage

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4
Figure 6-1 accessible website, in whole or in part.
Inside the Case (slide 2 of 3)

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Figure 6-2 accessible website, in whole or in part.
Inside the Case (slide 3 of 3)

• The motherboard is the main circuit board of the computer

– A computer chip is a small piece of semiconducting material, usually
silicon, on which integrated circuits are etched

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Figure 6-3 accessible website, in whole or in part.
Processors (slide 1 of 7)

• The processor, also called the central processing unit (CPU),

interprets and carries out the basic instructions that operate a
computer
• A multi-core processor is a single chip with two or more
separate processor cores
• Processors contain a control unit and an arithmetic logic unit
(ALU)

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accessible website, in whole or in part.
Processors (slide 2 of 7)

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Figure 6-4 accessible website, in whole or in part.
Processors (slide 3 of 7)

• The control unit is the component of the processor that directs

and coordinates most of the operations in the computer
• The arithmetic logic unit (ALU), another component of the
processor, performs arithmetic, comparison, and other
operations

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accessible website, in whole or in part.
Processors (slide 4 of 7)

• For every instruction, a processor repeats a set of four basic

operations, which comprise a machine cycle

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Figure 6-5 accessible website, in whole or in part.
Processors (slide 5 of 7)

The processor contains registers, that

temporarily hold data and instructions

The system clock controls the timing of all

computer operations
• The pace of the system clock is called the clock speed,
and is usually measured in gigahertz (GHz)
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accessible website, in whole or in part.
Processors (slide 6 of 7)

• The leading manufacturers of personal computer processor

chips are Intel and AMD

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Processors (slide 7 of 7)

• A processor chip generates heat that could cause the chip to

malfunction or fail
• Require additional cooling
– Heat sinks
– Liquid cooling technology
– Cooling pads

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13
Figures 6-6 – 6-7 accessible website, in whole or in part.
Memory (slide 1 of 10)

• Memory consists of electronic components that store

instructions waiting to be executed by the processor, data
needed by those instructions, and the results of processing the
data
• Stores three basic categories of items:
Data being
The operating
processed and the
system and other Applications
resulting
programs
information
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accessible website, in whole or in part.
Memory (slide 2 of 10)

• Each byte resides temporarily in a location in memory that has

an address
• Memory size commonly is measured in gigabytes (GB)

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15
Figure 6-11 accessible website, in whole or in part.
Memory (slide 3 of 10)

• Computers and mobile devices contain two types of memory:

Volatile memory Nonvolatile memory

Loses its contents when Does not lose contents
power is turned off when power is removed

Examples include ROM,

Example includes RAM
flash memory, and CMOS

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accessible website, in whole or in part.
Memory (slide 5 of 10)

• Two common types of RAM exist:

Dynamic RAM
Static RAM (SRAM)
(DRAM)

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Table 6-1 accessible website, in whole or in part.
Memory (slide 6 of 10)

• RAM chips usually reside on a memory module and are inserted

into memory slots

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Figure 6-13 accessible website, in whole or in part.
Memory (slide 7 of 10)

• Memory cache speeds the processes

of the computer because it stores
frequently used instructions and data

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Figure 6-14 accessible website, in whole or in part.
Memory (slide 8 of 10)

Read-only memory (ROM) refers

to memory chips storing
permanent data and instructions
•Firmware
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accessible website, in whole or in part.
Memory (slide 9 of 10)

• Flash memory can be erased electronically and rewritten

– CMOS technology uses battery power to retain information when
when the power to the computer is off

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Memory (slide 10 of 10)

• Access time is the amount of time it takes the processor to read

from memory
– Measured in nanoseconds

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Table 6-2 and Figure 6-15 accessible website, in whole or in part.
Adapters (slide 1 of 3)

• An adapter card enhances functions of a component of a desktop or server system

unit and/or provides connections to peripheral devices
– Sound card and video card
• An expansion slot is a socket on a desktop or server motherboard that can hold an
adapter card

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Table 6-3 accessible website, in whole or in part.
Adapters (slide 2 of 3)

• With Plug and Play technology, the computer automatically can

recognize peripheral devices as you install them

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Figure 6-16 accessible website, in whole or in part.
Adapters (slide 3 of 3)

• A USB adapter enhances functions of

a mobile computer and/or provides
connections to peripheral devices

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Figure 6-17 accessible website, in whole or in part.
Buses (slide 1 of 2)

• A bus allows the various

devices both inside and
attached to the system unit to
communicate with one
another
– Data bus
– Address bus
• Word size is the number of bits
the processor can interpret
and execute at a given time
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Figure 6-18 accessible website, in whole or in part.
Buses (slide 2 of 2)

• A computer might have these three types of buses:

System bus Backside bus Expansion bus

Connect processor to Connect processor to Connect processor to

main memory (RAM) memory cache peripherals

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accessible website, in whole or in part.
Power Supply and Batteries (slide 1 of 2)

• The power supply or laptop AC adapter converts the wall outlet

AC power into DC power

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Figure 6-19 accessible website, in whole or in part.
Power Supply and Batteries (slide 2 of 2)

• Mobile computers and devices can run using either a power

supply or batteries
• Batteries typically are rechargeable lithium-ion batteries

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Figure 6-20 accessible website, in whole or in part.
Summary

Various Types of processors,

Advantages and
components inside steps in a machine
services of cloud
computers and cycle, and processor
computing
mobile devices cooling methods

How memory stores Adapters, buses, Ways to care for

data and various power supplies and computers and
types of memory batteries mobile devices

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accessible website, in whole or in part.
 62 Components of the System Unit
Computing Components:
Processors, Memory, the Cloud, and More

Module 6
Complete