 FIRST AID

• IT IS THE IMMEDIATE CARE GIVEN TO THE INJURED OR SUDDENLY

ILL PERSON.
• DOES NOT TAKE THE PLACE OF PROPER MEDICAL TREATMENT.
• GIVING FIRST AID TREATMENT IS ONLY UNTIL COMPETENT
MEDICAL CARE IS OBTAINED OR UNTIL THE CHANCE FOR
RECOVERY.
 GOALS OF FIRST AID

• TO PRESERVED LIFE
• DO NO FURTHER HARM
• TO PROMOTE RECOVERY
 RESPONSIBILITIES OF FIRST AIDER
• QUICKLY ASSESS THE SITUATION’S SAFETY, THEN SUMMON APPROPRIATE
HELP.
• IDENTIFY THE INJURY OR NATURE OF ILLNESS AFFECTING A VICTIM.
• GIVE EARLY, APPROPRIATE AND ADEQUATE TREATMENT IN A SENSIBLE
ORDER OF PRIORITY.
• ARRANGE FOR REMOVAL OF CASUALTY TO THE HOSPITAL FOR A
DOCTOR’S CARE OR HOME.
 GUIDELINES IN GIVING EMERGENCY CARE

A – ASK FOR HELP

I – INTERVINE

D – DO NO FURTHER HARM
 PATIENT ASSESSMENT

• FINDING OUT WHAT IS WRONG WITH YOUR PATIENT

• ALL DECISIONS ON THE CARE OF THE PATIENT WILL BE
BASED ON YOUR FINDINGS.
1. PRIMARY SURVEY

- ASSESSING THE PATIENT IMMEDIATELY IN LIFE

THREATENING INJURIES/CONDITIONS WHICH WILL BE GIVEN
THE IMMEDIATE CARE.
STEPS IN PRIMARY SURVEY
1. MAKE SURE THE SCENE IS SAFE;
2. CONSIDER THE MECHANISM OF INJURY AND THE NATURE OF
ILLNESS;
3. DETERMINE THE NUMBER OF PATIENT;
4. TAKE BSI PRECAUTIONS;
5. ASKING FOR HELP OR ASSISTANCE.
ASSESSING FOR LEVEL OF CONSCIOUSNESS
A - ALERT
V - RESPONSIVE TO VERBAL
P - RESPONSIVE TO PAIN
U - UNRESPONSIVE
ASSESSING THE CABC OF EMERGENCY CARE
C - CONSCIOUSNESS
A - AIRWAY
B - BREATHING
C - CIRCULATION
2. SECONDARY SURVEY

- IT IS DONE TO DISCOVER INJURIES OR CONDITIONS

THAT DO NOT POSE AN IMMEDIATE THREAT TO LIFE BUT
MAY DO SO IF THEY REMAIN UNDETECTED AND
UNCORRECTED.
A. HEAD TO TOE ASSESSMENT
D - DEFORMITIES B - BURN
C - CONTUSION T - TENDERNESS
A - ABRASSION L - LACERATION
P - PUNCTURE S - SWELLING
B. OBTAIN PATIENTS HISTORY
S - SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS
A - ALLERGIES
M - MEDICATIONS
P - PERTINENT MEDICAL RECORD
L - LAST ORAL INTAKE / LMP
E - EVENTS LEADING TO INJURY OR ILLNESS
3. ASSESS VITAL SIGNS

- CHECK FOR BLOOD PRESSURE, BREATHING, PULSE

AND TEMPERATURE.
 WHEN COMMUNICATING
WITH EMERGENCY  PATIENT’S AGE AND SEX
MEDICAL SYSTEM, GIVE  CHIEF COMPLAINT
THE FOLLOWING DETAILS:  MECHANISM OF INJURY/NATURE OF
ILLNESS
 LEVEL OF CONSCIOUSNESS
 VITAL SIGNS
 FIRST AID TREATMENT DONE
 PATIENT’S RESPONSE TO TREATMENT
DONE
 BASIC LIFE SUPPORT

- IS NON-EVASIVE EMERGENCY LIFE-SAVING CARE THAT IS

USED TO TREAT MEDICAL CONDITIONS, INCLUDING AIRWAY
OBSTRUCTION, RESPIRATORY ARREST AND CARDIAC ARREST.
 CARDIAC ARREST

- A CONDITION IN WHICH THE HEART STOPS BEATING AND

NO BLOOD IS PUMPED TO THE REST OF THE BODY
 CARDIAC ARREST
HOW TO RECOGNIZED A CARDIAC ARREST:

NO REPONSE
NO NORMAL BREATHING
NO SIGNS OF CIRCULATION
 FOR OUT OF HOSPITAL
CARDIAC ARREST (OHCA)
FIRST LINK- RECOGNITION & ACTIVATE EMERGENCY RESPONSE SYSTEM
SECOND LINK- IMMEDIATE HIGH QUALITY CPR
THIRD LINK- RAPID DEFIBRILLATION
FOURTH LINK- BASIC AND ADVANCED EMERGENCY MEDICAL SERVICE
FIFTH LINK- ADVANCED SUPPORT AND POST-ARREST CARE
 CARDIO PULMONARY RESUSCITATION (CPR)

- IS USED TO ESTABLISH CIRCULATION AND ARTIFICIAL

VENTILATION IN A PATIENT WHO IS NOT BREATHING AND HAS NO
PULSE.
HIGH QUALITY CPR
P - PUSH HARD AND PUSH FAST
A - ALLOW FULL CHEST RECOIL
M - MINIMIZE INTERRUPTIONS
A - AVOID HYPERVENTILATION
 AUTOMATED EXTERNAL DEFIBRILLATOR (AED)
- SOPHISTICATED, RELIABLE COMPUTERIZED DEVICE THAT USE
VOICE AND VISUAL PROMPTS TO GUIDE LAY RESCUERS AND HEALTH
CARE PROVIDERS TO SAFELY DEFIBRILLATE VENTRICULAR FIBRILLATION
OF SUDDEN CARDIAC ARREST.
- IT CAUSES MOMENTARY ASYSTOLE
- ALLOWS HEARTS NATURAL PACEMAKER TO RESUME NORMAL
ACTIVITY
HOW TO OPERATE AED
P - POWER ON
A - ATTACH PADS
A - ANALYZE RHYTHM
S - SHOCK ADVICE
SPECIAL SITUATIONS WHEN USING AED
• THE VICTIM IS LESS THAN 1 YEAR OLD
• THE VICTIM HAS A HAIRY CHEST
• THE VICTIM IS IMMERSED IN WATER OR WATER IS COVERING THE VICTIM’S
CHEST
• THE VICTIM HAS AN IMPLANTED DEFIBRILLATOR OR PACEMAKER
• THE VICTIM HAS A TRANSDERMAL PATCH OR OTHER ON THE SURFACE
OF THE SKIN WHERE THE AED ELECTRODE PADS ARE PLACED.
SPECIAL SITUATIONS WHEN USING AED
ASSESSMENT CONDITION MANAGEMENT
NO PULSE
THE VICTIM IS IN PERFORM
NO BREATHING

POSITIVE PULSE
THE VICTIM IS IN PERFORM
NO BREATHING
FOREIGN BODY AIRWAY OBSTRUCTION: CLASSIFICATION
MILD AIRWAY OBSTRUCTION SEVERE AIRWAY OBSTRUCTION
SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS
 GOOD AIR EXCHANGE  POOR OR NO EXCHANGE
 RESPONSIVE AND CAN COUGH FORCEFULLY  WEAK, INEFFECTIVE COUGH OR NO COUGH AT
ALL
 MAY WHEEZE BETWEEN COUGHS  HIGH-PITCHED NOISE WHILE INHALING OR NO
NOISE AT ALL
 UNABLE TO SPEAK
 CYANOSIS
 INCREASES RESPIRATORY DIFFICULTY
MANAGEMENT
ALLOW THE PATIENT TO COUGH FORCEFULLY ABDOMINAL THRUST(HEIMLICH MANEUVER)- FOR
CONSCIOUS ADULT
FOR INFANT – PERFORM 5 BACKSLAPS & 5 CHEST THRUST USING 2 FINGERS. REPEAT UNTIL OBJECT IS
EXPELLED OR VICTIM BECOMES UNRESPONSIVE
FOR OBESE – PERFORM MODIFIED CHEST THRUST
TABLE OF COMPARISON FOR
COMPONENTS ADULT CHILDREN INFANT
HAND PLACEMENT 2 HANDS LOWER HALF OF 2 HANDS LOWER HALF OF 2 FINGERS IN CENTER OF
STERNUM STERNUM CHEST BELOW THE
NIPPLE LINE
DEPTH 2 – 2.4 INCHES 2 INCHES 1.5 INCHES
CHEST RECOIL ALLOW FULL CHEST RECOIL AFTER EACH COMPRESSIONS, DO NOT LEAN ON THE
CHEST
MINIMIZING NOT MORE THAN 10 SECONDS
INTERRUPTIONS
RESCUE BREATHS 6 SECONDS 5 SECONDS 5 SECONDS
INTERVAL
COMPRESSION 30 : 2 30 : 2 30 : 2
VENTILATION RATIO FOR
1 RESCUER
COMPRESSION 30 : 2 15 : 2 15 : 2
VENTILATION RATIO FOR
1 RESCUER
 PERFORMANCE GUIDELINES
1. ENSURE SAFETY (VERBALIZE SCENE SAFETY) “THE SCENE IS SAFE!”
2. TAKE BSI PRECAUTIONS (VERBALIZE/ACT WEARING GLOVES) “BSI IS ON!”
3. ASK FOR CONSENT (STATE NAME AND LEVEL OF TRAINING)
4. CHECK FOR RESPONSIVENESS (GENTLY TAP SHOULDER) “HEY2X, ARE YOU
OKAY?” – REPEAT TWICE
5. ASK FOR HELP – “PLEASE ACTIVATE MEDICAL ASSISTANCE AND GET ME AN
AED”
6. CHECK FOR PULSE AND BREATHING – LLF POSITION, CHECK FOR NO MORE
THAN 10 SECONDS
 PERFORMANCE GUIDELINES
7. IF NO PULSE & NO BREATHING –
IF AVAILABLE (ATTACHED AED AND PERFORM PAAS, FOLLOW AED INSTRUCTION)
IF NOT – PERFORM 5 CYCLES OF CPR
8. OPEN AIRWAY AS YOU GIVE VENTILATION
9. RE-CHECK FOR PULSE AND BRETHING FOR NOT MORE THAN 10 SECONDS
10.IF NOT BREATHING BUT WITH PULSE – PERFORM CPR
11. RE-CHECK PULSE AND BREATHING FOR NOT MORE THAN 10 SECONDS
12. DETERMINE ROSC (PLACE THE VICTIM IN A RECOVERY POSITION)