In India most of the region comes

under two types of climate that is

composite and hot and dry

Most characteristics of the composite zone

are similar to that of the hot and dry climate
zone, except that composite regions
experience higher humidity levels during
monsoons. In this type of climate two seasons
occur normally. Approximately two-thirds of
the year is hot-dry and the other third is warm-
humid. Localities further north and south often
have a third season,best described as cool-
dry.
CLIMATIC DATA:
The geographical location of Delhi is 28o 35’ N latitude and 77o12’E longitude. It
is located at an altitude of 216 meter above mean sea level. Delhi is situated on the
banks of Yamuna River.

Delhi is located in the central of India and has extreme climate situation with very
hot in summers and cold in winters. Most of the months, you can experience hot
and humid temperature in the capital city. Summers are very hot in the month of
mid-May to July following with rainy season in the month of September. Monsoon
season of the city cannot be predicated as rains can be start from August or at the
end of September. Winter season starts from the month of November and ends till
late February. One can experience chilly weather in winters as the city is situated on
the bank of river Yamuna from where heavy winds flow. Delhi's weather has
continental climate which makes the atmosphere cool in winters and hot in
summers.
CLIMATE DETAILS
• Summer temperature : 32-45 ºC (daytime),
27-32 ºC (night time)
• Winter temperature : 10-25 ºC (daytime),
4-10 ºC (night time)
• Precipitation : varies b/w 500–1300mm/year
• Relative humidity : 20–25% in dry periods
55–95% in wet periods.
CLIMATE DETAILS
• Cloudy days:8-10 days in a month
• Clear skies:20-22 days in a month
• Average wind speed: 3-5 km/h
• The intensity of solar radiation is very high in summer with
diffuse radiation amounting to a small fraction of the total.
• In monsoons, the intensity is low with predominantly
diffuse radiation.
CLIMATE DETAILS

• This region receives strong winds during monsoons from the

south-east and dry cold winds from the north-east.
• In summer, the winds are hot and dusty
• The sky is overcast and dull in the monsoon, clear in winter
and frequently hazy in summer.
• The presence of high humidity during monsoon months is
one of the reasons why places like New Delhi and Nagpur are
grouped under the composite and not hot and dry climate.
ENVIROMENTAL FACTOR:
The average temperature of Delhi in summer ranges
TEMPRATURE:
from 410degree C TO 270-degree C. Summer arrives in
early April and continues up to late June, with
maximum temperature in the month of May which is
45o C or even more.

Average temperature in the summers of this capital city varies from 250C to 450C- 460C.
With this range of temperature, you can imagine that how hot is the summer which is also
unbearable. Month of May to mid-July are very hot which force people to stay inside as the
heat is not bearable. One can experience hot and humid temperature and even hot waves till
October until winters started. During summers people of city should take extra precautions
while travelling and going out from the house.
RAINFALL: Rainy season begin from the month of end June
which is also considered as the sign of relief from
summers. People of the capital city do not witness
much rains in the season as this monsoon season is
quite unpredictable. One can enjoy rains between the
months of last July to end of September. October is
the month which does not have rains but have
pleasant weather to enjoy and roam around the city.
Monsoon season starts in the late June or first week
of July. Though the temperature drops below 40o C in
the month of July but because of high level of
humidity this season is uncomfortable. August is the
wettest month. Mean rainfall is 232.5 mm in the
month of August and the mean annual rainfall is
762mm.
WIND:

The wind direction varies with season.

Summers, the predominant wind directions are

from west in morning or either west or
northwest in the evening.

Monsoons south east or west in the morning

and north west in the evening.

Winters south west and west winds in morning

and in evening northwest and north winds
CONCLUSIONS

 In Delhi climate, buildings should be oriented in such a way that its longer axis should remain in
east-west direction. In this orientation, the walls will receive less solar radiation in summer and
more solar radiation in winter in comparison to other orientations.
 This orientation minimizes the heat load in summer and is a very effective passive cooling
strategy.
 The walls should be thicker having time lag over 8 hours. Cavity walls or composite walls are
also very helpful in controlling the heat transfer from outside to inside the building.
 When the air movement is necessary, the advantage of prevailing breeze should be taken by
grouping the buildings in relation to the wind direction.
 Fenestrations should be made on the walls perpendicular to the wind direction. Direct sunlight
must be excluded from the fenestration and window shades should be designed in such a way so
that it cuts the summer sun but permits winter heat inside the building.
 Roofs should also be properly insulated so as to minimize heat transfer from the roof to the inside
of the building. Provision of adequate rainwater drainage is also essential in this climate.
 Orientation

Orientation: NE, SW
This helps in receiving less radiation which
results in lesser heat gains and reduced the
overall air-conditioning requirement and
hence saves energy. Proper orientation also
helps in receiving natural light and
ventilation
Water Body
USE OF WATERBODIES FOR EVAPORATIVE COOLING Fountain
to flow over extensive surfaces to maximize evaporation.
Water evaporation has a cooling effect in the surroundings.

APPROPRIATE HEIGHT AND RECESSED WINDOWS

Minimum height above the ground level to limit exposure to
external conditions. Recessed windows to reduce external
solar heat gains.
POSITION OF OPENINGS
In buildings air movements must be ensured
through the space mostly used by occupants:
through the ‘living zone’(up to 2m high).

SIZE OF OPENINGS
The largest air velocity will be obtained through a small
inlet opening with a large outlet.
The best arrangement is full wall openings on both the
sides , with adjustable sashes or closing devices which can
assist in channelling the air flow in the required direction ,
following the change of wind.
CONTROLS OF OPENINGS
A gap left between the building face and canopy would
ensure a downward pressure ,thus a flow is directed into
the living zone.
 TREATMENT TO THE EXTERNAL SPACES
•A courtyard is the most
pleasant out-door spaces for
most of the year, because it
excludes the winds and traps
the sun. It should be
designed in such a way so as
to allow sun penetration
during the winter months,
but provides shading in the
• Large projecting eaves and wide verandahs hot season.
are needed in composite climate as out-door
living areas, to reduce sky glare, keep out the
rain and provide shade. •Deciduous plants can
serve a useful purpose.

•Brise-soleils, louvers and other sun breaks

used to protect openings during the hot-dry
periods ,are also advantageous in the rainy
season, serving as protection against dust
and thermal winds.
 Insulation
Insulation is very important in green construction because it helps conserve energy.
In the past, ASBESTOS was used for insulation, but it has since been banned or restricted in
many countries because of health hazards.
Good sustainable choices for insulation are those made from recycled newspaper and wood
pulp, soy, cotton, recycled plastic or cork.

WALL WITHOUT INSULATION

The U-value which is much higher incase of

normal glass increases the solar heat gain and
the energy consumption

WALL WITH INSULATION

Insulation helps retain cool in summer and heat in winter,

and acts as sound proof. This can create a major impact on
indoor thermal comfort of the building.
Roofing
An important feature of green roofing Properly designed roof gardens help to
is its durability; sustainability can often reduce heat
be as simple as avoiding or limiting loads in a building
waste. Composite cedar shingles
resist moisture, mildew and insects,
which extends their life.

Metal roofing materials that have solar

reflective qualities also have
advantages, especially in hot
climates.
Glass
Windows constructed of layered panes separated by sealed, gas-filled compartments
provide insulation that conserves energy. windows and doors can also be covered in
special low-emissivity coatings that use or block natural solar rays to help regulate
indoor temperatures.

Landscaping
Landscaping is an important element in altering the microclimate of a place.
Proper landscaping reduces direct sun from striking and heating up of building
surfaces. It prevents reflected light carrying heat into a building from the
ground or other surfaces.
USE OF ECO-FRIENDLY MATERIALS
Eco friendly materials are describe as :a product that has been designed to the least
possible damage to the environment.

Why eco friendly materials?

Phenomenal growth in the construction industry that depends upon
depletable resources.
Production of building materials lead to irreversible environmental impact.
ENERGY CONSERVATION
Planting trees helps in
Use of maintaining ecological
water balance thus reducing
bodies for energy consumption
evaporative
USE OF
cooling
RENEWABLE
SOURCE OF
ENERGY

Use of
reflective
surfaces
for
minimum
Use of
heat gain
appliances
that consume
less energy
 Use of Passive means rather than active means
Passive design strategies Indirect cooling includes ventilation and stack effect and
venture effect, belvedere, roof pond, earth air tunnel, courtyards and Malkaafs, wind
scoops and wind towers.

ROOF POND

Traditional Jharokha in Jaipur, Rajasthan

provides light, & ventilation while avoiding
dust and glare
 PASSIVE DOWNDRAFT EVAPORATIVE COOLING
Evaporative cooling systems uses evaporation as a cooling method in cooling the
surrounding air by adding moisture in the air hence increasing humidity. It is a low energy
passive system. The following sections are categorized into sections stating the required
conditions, implementation considerations and other issues. Case studies are listed as
reference to discuss on how these systems are implemented and the implication they
have on architecture design.
WATER RESOURCE MANAGEMENT
Reducing water consumption and protecting water quality are key
objectives in sustainable building.
One critical issue of water consumption is that in many areas, the
demands on the supplying aquifer exceed its ability to replenish itself.
Tothe maximum extent feasible, facilities should increase their
dependence on water that is collected, used, purified, and reused on-
site.
The protection and conservation of water throughout the life of a
building may be accomplished by designing for dual plumbing that
recycles water in toilet flushing

WASTE REDUCTION
Green architecture also seeks to reduce waste of energy, water
and materials used during construction.
During the construction phase, one goal should be to reduce the
amount of material going to landfills.
Well-designed buildings also help reduce the amount of waste
generated by the occupants as well, by providing on-site solutions
such as compost bins to reduce matter going to landfills.
 CII-Godrej GBC, Hyderabad

Aerial view of CII-Godrej GBC, Hyderabad showing wind towers,

solar photovoltaic panels and
green roofs.

•Use of locally available materials and sustainable energy sources have been
used extensively in the building.
• Natural lighting and ventilation enhance the energy-efficiency of the building.
• Adequate green spaces help in controlling the micro-climate providing visual
delight at the same time.
Architectural Design
•The building is designed to maximize usage of natural light for
day-lighting without getting unwanted heat inside.
•The ground surface covered by the building is replaced through
roof gardens which play a major role in insulating the building.
•Unwanted gain of heat is reduced
through simple design principles like earth
berming.
•Heat gain through openings is also
reduced through intelligent design of
windows.
•An effective combination of closed and
open spaces help in modulating the
micro-climate so that it keeps the Roof gardens insulate the
building from solar heat
building cool and well-ventilated.
•There is ease of access throughout the
site.
Use of Renewable source of Energy
PHOTOVOLTAIC PANELS

•Solar energy is used to generate electricity

that is used in the building.

Wind towers
Wind towers carry air through an earth air Solar photovoltaic panels on the roof
tunnel to cool it before being supplied to the generate electricity for the building
AHU’s.
•Effective measures are taken to properly
ventilate the building while saving energy
at the same time.
•Air caught by the wind towers is carried
through an earth-air tunnel which pre-
cools the air entering into the AHU’s. This
saves energy required in the cooling
process. ‘Jaalis’ on the outer façade of the building also
help in cooling, shading and ventilation of the
building.
Day lighting
•Emphasis is laid on providing
adequate day-lighting.
•Intelligent design of windows such
as different windows for views and
for light reduce the heat gain.

Materials & Appliances

•Use of local materials and materials
with is visible at various places.
•For instance, local stone and waste
construction materials are used for
external cladding. low-embodied
energy
 There is a vast difference in the amount of glazed areas on
the northern and western sides of the building. Such features
prevent unwanted heat gain.
IMPLIMENTATION IN DESIGN
COURTYARD

EARTH TUNNEL SYSTEM

•Two types of windows designed:

peep windows for possible cross ventilation
and view, the other being for day lighting
•Shading by vegetation
(trees and creepers)

•cooling through evaporation by water

surfaces and plants (except
during monsoon)
•cooling through earth tunnel system