Unit-1

FUNDAMENTALS OF ROTATING
MACHINES
 Introduction
• Rotating machines are usually called turbo
machines.
• These machines work on the principle of work
addition or extraction.
• When a fluid passes through a rotating machine
two things happen, viz. energy transfer and
energy transformation.
• The energy transfer means transfer of available
energy from one part (rotor) to the medium
(fluid) or vice versa.
• Energy transformation means change of one
form of energy into another form, for
example, change of kinetic energy to pressure
energy in a compressor.
• The energy transfer can occur only in its
moving or rotating elements whereas the
energy transformation can occur in both
stationary and rotating elements.
General Fluid Dynamics Analysis

Figure 1 shows the details of the passage of a fluid through a rotor of any
shape. The rotor has an axis A − A and rotates at a steady angular velocity of ω
radians per second.
From figure ,
• Let us assume that at point 1 the fluid enters
with a velocity c1 and leaves at point 2 with
velocity c2.
• The radial distance of these points from the
axis A-A is r1 and r2 respectively.
• The velocity c1 can be represented by three
velocity components,
• ca1 : axial velocity in a direction parallel to the
axis A - A
• cr1 : radial velocity in the direction normal to
A-A
• ct1 : tangential velocity in the direction normal
to any radius
• Similarly, at the exit point 2, the velocity c2
will have the three components, ca2; cr2 and
ct2 respectively.
Fig 2 shows the Energy transfer in a turbo machine.
 W.k.t.
• The angular speed of the rotor is ω radians
per second.
ω= 2πN/60
• The peripheral velocities of the blades at the
entry and exit corresponding to diameters d1
and d2 are
u1 = πNd1/60
u2= πNd2/60
 Velocity triangle
• In turbo machinery, a velocity triangle or
a velocity diagram is a triangle representing
the various components of velocities of the
working fluid in a turbo machine. Velocity
triangles may be drawn for both the inlet and
outlet sections of any turbo machine.
General Thermodynamic Analysis
of fluid flow
 Cycle arrangements

• Open-cycle arrangements

• Closed-cycle arrangements
 Open- cycle arrangements
• Fresh atmospheric air is drawn into the circuit
continuously
• Energy is added by the combustion of fuel in
the working fluid
• Products of combustion expanded through
turbine and exhausted into the atmosphere
Gas turbine with single-shaft
arrangement
Single Shaft Arrangement with a Heat
exchanger
Why Heat-exchanger???
• Improves ηthermal, for a given size of the
plant.
• Power output reduces by 10% due to pressure
losses in HE
• Reduces the fuel
Single Shaft Arrangement – Alternative
Arrangement
• The above arrangement more suitable for
fuels whose products of combustion contain
constituents which may corrode or erode the
turbine blades.
• It is much less efficient than the simple cycle
power plant.
• Only inferior or pulverized coal are to be used.
Twin Shaft Arrangement
• The compressor and high pressure turbine
combination acts as a gas generator for the
low pressure turbine.
• Fuel flow to the combustion chamber is
controlled to achieve variation of power.
• This will cause decrease in pressure ratio and
maximum temperature.
• At off- design conditions the power output
reduces, with the result that the thermal
efficiency deteriorates considerably at part
loads.
Series Flow Twin Shaft Arrangement
Parallel Flow Twin Shaft Arrangement
• Series and Parallel flow arrangements power
output is controlled by the adjustment of fuel
supply to the combustion chamber in the
power turbine line.

Performance can be improved

• 1. Reducing the work of compression.
• 2. Increasing the work of expansion.
Series flow with inter-
cooling
Series flow with reheating
Straight compound twin-spool
arrangement
• The LP compressor is driven by the LP turbine
and the HP compressor by the HP turbine.
• This arrangement is called straight
compounding.
• This arrangement is widely used shaft power
units and for the turbojet engines, employing
pressure ratios in the range of 10:1 to 20:1.
Closed Cycle arrangement
Closed Cycle arrangement with air as
working medium
Closed cycle arrangement with
working medium other than air
 The Closed cylce basic requirements
of the working medium
In a closed- cycle arrangement, the operating
medium can be other than air and it must satisfy
the following requirements.
• Availability as well as cheapness of the working
medium.
• The circulating working medium must be stable,
non-explosive and non-corrosive.
• It must be non-toxic and non-flammable.
• It should have high specific heat value Cp and high
specific heat ratio,γ
• It must have a higher thermal conductivity, k
Properties of various working media
The work done during compression per kg of flow of
any gas is given by
Wc=Cp(T2-T1)

and the temperatures after compression,T2,is

given by
T2=T1r γ-1/ γ
where r is the pressure ratio
 Applications
• Gas turbines can be classified into aircraft and
industrial gas turbines.
• The aircraft gas turbines differ from the
industrial gas turbines in three main aspects.
1. The life of the industrial gas turbine is
expected to be of the order of 120,000 hours
without major overhaul as against 600-1200
hours for aircraft gas turbines.
2. Size and the weight of an aircraft power plant
is very crucial compared to industrial units.
3. The aircraft power plant can make use of
kinetic energy of the gases leaving the exhaust
whereas it is wasted in other types and
consequently, this energy loss must be kept as
minimum as possible.
Apart from aircraft market, the gas turbines are
used in
• naval operations ,
• rail transport,
• automobile industries
End