Nuclear Coalescence Effect at High energies

Kamal Hussain Khan, PhD Scholar

CIIT, Islamabad, Pakistan
Supervisor
Prof. Dr. Mais Suleymanov
 Outlines
Overview

Motivation

The Method

The Experiment

Results & Discussions

Summary

Conclusion 2
 Overview
We studied Light Nuclei (singly and multicharged ) produced in pC, dC,
4HeC and 12CC- interactions @4.2 A GeV/c.

The behavior of average characteristics (Multiplicity, Momentum, Transverse momentum) of the light
nuclei produced in these interactions are analyzed as the function of centrality.

Identified protons are used as the measure of centrality.

Secondary particles will produce among the fragments of projectile and target nuclei

These fragments contain protons neutrons and light nuclei

3
The participant spectator model

Spectator of projectile
Participant area

Participant:
Constituent
which
take part into
interaction

Spectator
Constituent which do
Impact parameter /Centrality not take part into
Spectator of Target interaction

Nuclei can be produced from participant area as a result of Nuclear Coalescence Effect.

4
 Nuclear Coalescence Effect.

In hadron-Nucleus or Nucleus -Nucleus collisions Nuclei can be formed as recombination of nucleon

having close relative momentum and space is known as Nuclear Coalescence effect.

A simple theory based on probability arguments gives the following relation

A.Z Mekjian phys. Rev. C 17 (1978) 1051

Where , are phase space densities of nuclei and proton

Is scaling factor which characterize the probability of finding nuclei and known as Coalescence
parameter.
5
 Theoretical Models of Coalescence

Simple Coalescence Model

Where m is the nucleon mass, p2/m=2.225 MeV is the binding energy of the
deutron, │V0│ is the depth of optical potential, and j (pR) is a
dimensionless function depending on the optical potential of the target
nucleus

Neutron are not detectable ,Assuming proton and neutron densities identical the relation is

S.T. Butler and C.A. Pearson, Phys. Rev. Lett. 7, 69

(1961), Phys. Rev 129, 836 (1963).
6
The Idea was Extended to heavier nuclei of mass number A and the expression is

A. Schwarzschild and C. Zupancic,

Phys. Rev. 129, 854 (1963).

SA is spin of the cluster of mass A ,N neutron, P protons, Rnp is

ratio N/P , p0 momentum.

Relation holds only for fixed impact parameter are same centrality, does not hold for minimum bias
events

Independent of beam energy

 Does not take into account spatial separation
7
Thermodynamic model

Expanding system ,chemical and Thermal equilibrium are maintained, after a stage system changes from strongly interacting to
free streaming one.

Can explain the data at Bevalac energies but still problem with high energies data

Density Matrix Model

Consider Quantum Mechanical aspects and spatial separation, densities are represented by
matrices

There are some other approaches discussed in Refs. below

A.Z. Mekjian, Phys. Rev. Lett. 38, 604 (1977); Phys. Rev. C 17, 1051 (1978). J. l Nagle et al. Phys. Rev. C 53(1996). 8
 Experimental observations
First experimental observation of light nuclei at mid rapidity In Si+pb at 14.6A Gev/c. (rapidity is a variable which represents
the kinematical regions of collisions. )

Ci is inverse of centrality Probability of forming nuclei decreases with energy

Probability decreases with centrality J.barrette et. al. phys. Rev. C 50 0771 (1994) 9
 Rapidity and pT dependence in Au+Au at 11.6A GeV/c

B2=d/p2
2.2<Y/Ybeam<2.25
B3=3He/p3
fragmentation at low rapidities Collective flow and compressed source

coalescence at mid rapidity

S. Albergo et al., Phys. Rev. C 65 034907(2002) 10
 centrality and pT dependence in Au+Au Collision at 200 A Gev/c

B2 Volume dependant

More participant in central

collisions than non central collisions

B2 increase with Pt and suppressed in central events

S.S . Adler et. al. phys. Rev. Lett. 94 122302(2005

11
Au+Au at 10.2 A GeV/c

Suppression of ratios d/p and t/p in central

Collision

Low baryon density in central

collisions

L.Ahle et. al. phys. Rev. C 57 1416 (1998) 12

Mass dependence in Au+Au 11.5 A GeV/c

Yield calculated only in mid rapidity regions

Exponential decrease with mass

Formation of heavier nuclei

is less probable

T.A . Armstrong et. al. phys. Rev. Lett. 83 5431(1999)

13
 Fragments of projectile as function of centrality .

Constant behavior
M Projectile >> M target

Ntot() mean number of charged particle, NF (+) multicharged fragments ,Qf mean total charge experiment(△) and model(■)

Increase and Sharpe decrease Increase and then decrease

M Projectile M target M Projectile >M target

A. Dobrawaska et. al. Nucl. Phys. A 693 777(2001) 14

 Fragments of Target as a function of centrality

Decrease with
centrality in both cases

Model is not in
agreement
with data for
non central collisions

Target fragments Nb ()  0.23 ,Mean total charge target fragments(calculated RQMD) Nch ()

A. Dobrawaska et. al. Nucl. Phys. A 693 777(2001)

15
 Motivation

Nuclear Coalescence probability is centrality, masses of nuclei, rapidity and some PT dependant.
Presence of nuclei at mid rapidities is the only argument of occurring Coalescence

So the study of the centrality dependence properties of light nuclei production can give essential
information about the initial and final states of collisions, production mechanisms and size or volume of
source.

Some direct method of observation without measuring Rapidity;

Nuclear fragments of projectile and target as function of centrality.
16
 The Experiment

2m propane bubble chamber of JINR , covers 4 Geometry , B=1.5 T

Beams of (p, d, 4He, 12C) with momentum 4.2 A GeV/c were used as projectile

Propane C3H8 in liquid state at T=Tb and P< Pb was used as target

Event selection criteria

N+ > Zprojectile+1 proton in backward Hemisphere >1 , slow protons >1 (p<0.3)
negative particle > 2

This criteria separates at least

65% dC 74% 4HeC and 71% of 12CC
of those events which were calculated by known cross section of proton and carbon and their ratios in propane molecule

D. Armutlisky et al. Z. physics A 328 (1987) 455-461.

17
 Particle identification

- - mesons with p ≥ 0.07 GeV/c are identified well, contamination with misidentified
Electron And negative strange particle is < 5% and 1%.
+ -mesons identified well in interval (0.07 <p<0.5 GeV/c) mixed with protons.

Proton identification (0.15 ≤ p ≤ 0.5 GeV/c) pion mixed with proton

Nuclei are detected in two groups (d,t) and (Z2)

Deutron and Triton (1<p<3 GeV/c) good identification mixed with protons greater than upper limit 30-40 % and below
lower limit 5-7%

Fragments Z 2 are identified together

Systematic errors 11% in momentum and 0.8% in angle

A. I. Bondarenko et al., JINR communications PI -98-292, Dubna,(1998). Agakishiyev, H.N et al,:JINR

Commun.1-83-662,Dubna 1983 .D. Armutlisky et al. Z. physics A 328 (1987) 455-461.
18
 Method
We think that the average multiplicity of the light nuclei must decrease with increase in centrality.
 If any increase appears in multiplicity at any stage with centrality It will be more direct signals of some
mechanism of light nuclei production other than fragmentation.

Study of the centrality dependence of average characteristics(Multiplicity , momentum and Transverse

momentum) of light nuclei emitted in pC ,dC,4HeC and 12CC-Interactions at 4.2A GeV/c

Centrality is defined by number of identified proton Np in an event.

Np(identified proton)=Pr+ +(p>0.5GeV/c) - - (p>0.5GeV/c)- pr (p>3GeV/c)

Results are compared with the prediction of two models;

•Cascade Evaporation model and Fritiof Model
19
 Calculations

Average values are calculated by the formula;


X  x
i 1
i p ( xi )

Where X is average value of variable x and p(x) is the probability of the observation of variable.

statistical errors are considered and calculated by standard deviation method

 (x )
s 1 i m
sx 
2
 i
-x
m m i 1

We use ubook program to read the data and root to draw figures.

20
Cascade Evaporation Model

Describe general features of collisions.

Based on Fermi gas model, colliding nuclei are treated as gas of nucleon
After Cascade stage remaining excited nuclei are described by statistical
theory.
It does not include collective effect
M. I. Adamovich, et. al., Z. Phys. A 358 (1997) 337

Fritiof Model
Based on Lund string Dynamics, designed for high energies but modified for lower energies

It does not include de excitation of hadrons, over estimate multiplicity

at high energies
Both models do not include coalescence of nucleon
So the deviation from the models can give some signals of Nuclear Coalescence Effect
M. I. Adamovich et al. Z. Phys. A 358, 337-351 (1997). , V.V. Uzhinskii, Modified code FRITIOF. User's
21
Guide.
22
Average multiplicity as function of Np in pC interaction

projectile momentum 4.2 Gev/c. Target

is the only source of nuclei production

More than 100 events have one nuclei

Identification of low momentum nuclei

is poor in Experiment but Np>4
identification is relatively better
Average multiplicity as a function Np in pC -interaction

12757 events are analyzed Models are overestimating the

multiplicity
23
Average multiplicity as function of Np in dC interaction

projectile momentum 8.4 Gev/

Target is the source of nuclei

Values are greater than pC interaction

First point has some maximum

Projectile disintegrate the target mostly into
nuclei without disintegrating itself.

Both Models overestimate the multiplicity

Average multiplicity as a function Np in dC -interaction

Identification of low
momentum nuclei is 9808 events of dC are analyzed

main reason of
disagreement 24
Average multiplicity as function of Np in 4HeC interaction

First point maximum then linear

decrease

Total momentum 16.8 GeV/C

More Nuclei are identified than pC
and dC interaction

22975 events of HeC are

analyzed

Contribution of projectile
is seen

Average multiplicity as a function Np in HeC -interaction

Np <4 and Np >4 two regions

With increase in mass and hence momentum of projectile both models are going to be coincides with
experiment.
25
Average multiplicity as function of Np in 12CC interaction
Regions (Np ≤ 2), (2 Np≤ 7), (8 ≤ Np ≤12) and
(Np>12). 39543 events are analyzed

In (2 Np≤ 7) projectile

starts fragmenting into
hadrons rather than light
nuclei.
Models are in agreement with
Critical point data in these regions

In (8 ≤ Np ≤12) more contribution from

Target fragmentation can be expected.
Average multiplicity as a function Np in 12CC -interaction Now experimental results are greater than
The regions (8 ≤ Np ≤12) and (Np>12) shows an other mechanism of light models.
nuclei production other than fragmentation of projectile and target. May be
‘‘Nuclear Coalescence Effect” In (Np>12) minor increase is observed

Model do not include The Coalescence effect K.H.Khan et.al Modern physics Lett. A
26
29
Average momentum as function of Np in 12CC interaction

High momentum nuclei are found in peripheral

region ( and in the region (2Np7), these
nuclei are mostly beam fragments, which are
passing through medium without or with
minimum interactions and lost their momentum
with slope (-0.10740.015)

In region (Np8) behavior changes and

Critical point decreases sharply with slope (-
0.2470.062). In this region light nuclei
from target fragmentation contribution,
and medium interaction indications.

Average momentum as a function Np in 12CC -interaction

(Np  12 ), random average momentum with high uncertainty were observed.

Medium effects in last three points K.H.Khan et.al Modern physics Lett. A 29
27
Average momentum as function of Np in pC interaction

Projectile is proton momentum 4.2 GeV/c

Almost Constant or small increase

in Behavior

d and t 1<p<3 GeV/c

Z2 have no contamination

nuclei P< 1 Gev/c Could not be identified

Average momentum as a function Np in PC interaction

28
Average momentum as function of Np in dC interaction

Average momentum is about

constant

Again identified nuclei has momentum

Greater than 1 Gev/c

Average momentum as a function Np in dC interaction

29
Average momentum as function of Np in 4HeC interaction

Experimental values has strong dependence on

centrality.

Total momentum is 16.8 GeV/c

As Number of produced particle increases average

momentum is decreasing

Average momentum as a function Np in pC interaction

Can not separate regions of projectile and target

30
Average Transverse momentum as function of Np in 12CC interaction

We distinguish regions as in previous figs.

In region (2  Np  7) <PT>nuclei decreases with

slope (-0.0040.001) and almost becomes
constant in region (Np  8).

Transverse momentum can be related source

Critical point
size as PT 1/V

Average Transverse momentum as a function Np in 12CC -interaction

the constancy or increase in <pT> points out the size of the source of particle
production doesn’t change in region (Np  8) and decreases in (Np  12).
Which confirms a dense medium where some nucleon coalesce to make single
nucleus K.H.Khan et.al Modern physics
Lett. A 29 12(2014)1450063
31
Average Transverse momentum as function of Np in pC interaction

Average Transverse momentum as a function Np in pC -interaction

Almost constant or decreasing behavior with centrality in frame of uncertainties

32
Average Transverse momentum as function of Np in dC interaction

Average Transverse momentum as a function Np in HeC -interaction

minor increase with Np (centrality).

33
Average momentum as function of Np in 4HeC interaction

variation with NP

Average Transverse momentum as a function Np in HeC -interaction

34
 Summary

The behaviors of <N>nuclei <P>nuclei and <PT>nuclei for Nuclei are studied as a function of Np in pC-, dC
,4HeC and 12CC -interactions @ 4.2 AGeV/c to extract the information about the Nuclear Coalescence
Effect.

Centrality is fixed with number of identified proton.

Data is compared with two models(Cascade and Fritiof)

Fitting of the data in a linear function is used for comparison of different behavior.

35
 Conclusion

First study of Nuclear Coalescence Effect at 4 pi geometry

Parameter of secondary particle well defined.
Fragmentation of projectile and target is a studied as a function of Number of identified proton in pC,
dC ,4HeC and 12CC- interactions.
Projectile and target fragmentation regions can be identified in 12CC interactions.
Models overestimate the multiplicity for pC, dC ,4HeC and lower for 12CC -interaction
With increase in mass of projectile the difference in multiplicity of light nuclei in Experiment and
models becomes less and less.

A mechanisms of light nuclei production other than

fragmentation known as Nuclear Coalescence effect is seen in 12CC
collisions at 4.2 A GeV/c.
36
List of Publications (1)
1. Kamal Hussain Khan, M. K. Suleymanov, M. Ajaz, Ali Zaman and Sh.
Khalilova "Light nuclei formation in 12CC collisions at 4.2A GeV/c" (2014)
Modern Physics Letters A Vol:29 pp:1450063-1-1450063-8
2. Ali Zaman, M. K. Suleymanov, K. H. Khan and M. Ajaz “ On influences
of the jet production to charged particles multiplicity distribution in pp-
collisions
at Tevatron energies” Int. J. Mod. Phys. E Vol:23, No. 5,
pp:1450029-1-1450029-9
3. M. Ajaz, M.K. Suleymanov, K.H. Khan, A. Zaman "Nuclear transparency
effect of π−-mesons in p+12C- and d+12C- interactions at 4.2A GeV/c"
(2013) Journal of Physics G: Nuclear and Particle Physics Vol:40 pp:055101-
1-055101-8
4. M. Ajaz, M.K. Suleymanov, K.H. Khan, A. Zaman, H. Younis, A. Rahman
"Study of some characteristics of protons using interactions of light nuclei
" (2013) Mod. Phys. Lett. A Vol:28 pp:1350175-1-1350175-7
5. M. Ajaz, M.K. Suleymanov, K.H. Khan, A. Zaman "Searching for the
properties of nuclear matter using proton-carbon and deuteron-carbon
collisions at 4.2 A GeV/c " (2012) Int. J. Mod. Phys. E Vol:21 pp:1250095-1-
1250095-9 37
6. M. Ajaz, M.K. Suleymanov, K.H. Khan, A. Zaman "Study of the behavior of the nuclear modification factor in freeze-out
state " (2013) Chin.Phys. C Vol:37 pp:024101-1-024101-4
47-1050
7. M.K. Suleymanov, E.U. Khan, K. Ahmed, Mahnaz Q. Haseeb, Farida Tahir, Y.H. Huseynaliyev, M. Ajaz, K.H. Khan, Z.
Wazir "Search for a Signal on QCD Critical Point in Central Nucleus-Nucleus Collisions " (2011) Indian J.Phys. Vol: 85
pp:1047-1050
8. B.Z. Belashev, M.K. Suleymanov, S. Vokal, J. Vrlakova, M. Ajaz, Ali Zaman, K.H. Khan, Z. Wazir "analysis of shower
particle pseudorapidity spectra in interactions of relativistic Au and Pb ions with emulsion nuclei " (2011) Chin.Phys. C Vol:35
pp:1095-1099

38
List of publication with Alice Collaberation:
1. ALICE Collaboration "Multiplicity Dependence of Pion, Kaon, Proton and Lambda Production in p-Pb Collisions at
(√sNN) = 5.02 TeV " (2014) Phys.Lett. B Vol:728 pp:25-38
2. ALICE Collaboration "J/ψ production and nuclear effects in p-Pb collisions at √sNN = 5.02 TeV " (2014) JHEP
Vol:1402 pp:073
3. ALICE Collaboration "Two and Three-Pion Quantum Statistics Correlations in Pb-Pb Collisions at sqrt(sNN)=2.76 TeV
at the LHC " (2014) Phys.Rev. C Vol:89 pp:024911
4. ALICE Collaboration "Measurement of charged jet suppression in Pb-Pb collisions at √sNN = 2.76 TeV " (2014) JHEP
Vol:1403 pp:013
5. ALICE Collaboration "Measurement of charged jet suppression in Pb-Pb collisions at √sNN = 2.76 TeV " (2014) JHEP
Vol:1403 pp:013
6. ALICE Collaboration "Multi-strange baryon production at mid-rapidity in Pb-Pb collisions at √sNN = 2.76 TeV " (2014)
Phys.Lett. B Vol:728 pp:216-227
7. ALICE Collaboration "Measurement of the inclusive differential jet cross section in pp collisions at √s=2.76 TeV " (2013)
Phys.Lett. B Vol:722 pp:262-272
8. ALICE Collaboration "Directed flow of charged particles at midrapidity relative to the spectator plane in Pb-Pb collisions
at √sNN=2.76 TeV " (2013) Phys.Rev.Lett. Vol:111 pp:232302

39
8. ALICE Collaboration "K0S and Λ production in Pb-Pb collisions at √sNN = 2.76 TeV " (2013) Phys.Rev.Lett. Vol:111
pp:222301
9. ALICE Collaboration "Pseudorapidity density of charged particles p-Pb collisions at √sNN=5.02 TeV " (2013)
Phys.Rev.Lett. Vol:110 pp:032301
10. ALICE Collaboration "Charge correlations using the balance function in Pb-Pb collisions at √sNN = 2.76 TeV " (2013)
Phys.Lett. B Vol:723 pp:267-279
11. ALICE Collaboration "Centrality determination of Pb-Pb collisions at √sNN = 2.76 TeV with ALICE " (2013) Phys.Rev.
C Vol:88 pp:044909
12. ALICE Collaboration "Centrality dependence of π, K, p production in Pb-Pb collisions at √sNN = 2.76 TeV " (2013)
Phys.Rev. C Vol:88 pp:044910
13. ALICE Collaboration "Centrality dependence of the pseudorapidity density distribution for charged particles in Pb-Pb
collisions at sqrt(sNN) = 2.76 TeV " (2013) Phys.Lett. B Vol:726 pp:610-622
14. ALICE Collaboration "Charmonium and e+e− pair photoproduction at mid-rapidity in ultra-peripheral Pb-Pb collisions
at √sNN = 2.76 TeV " (2013) Eur.Phys.J. C Vol:73 pp:2617

40
15. ALICE Collaboration "Mid-rapidity anti-baryon to baryon ratios in pp collisions at √s = 0.9, 2.76 and 7 TeV
measured by ALICE " (2013) Eur.Phys.J. C Vol:73 pp:2496
16. ALICE Collaboration "Energy Dependence of the Transverse Momentum Distributions of Charged Particles in pp
Collisions Measured by ALICE" (2013) Eur.Phys.J. C Vol:73 pp:2662
17. ALICE Collaboration "Multiplicity dependence of the average transverse momentum in pp, p-Pb, and Pb-Pb
collisions at the LHC " (2013) Phys.Lett. B Vol:727 pp:371-380
18. ALICE Collaboration "Multiplicity dependence of two-particle azimuthal correlations in pp collisions at the LHC "
(2013) JHEP Vol:1309 pp:049
ALICE Collaboration "D meson elliptic flow in non-central Pb-Pb collisions at √sNN=2.76TeV " (2013)
Phys.Rev.Lett. Vol:111 pp:102301
19. ALICE Collaboration "Transverse Momentum Distribution and Nuclear Modification Factor of Charged Particles
in p-Pb Collisions at √sNN=5.02 TeV" (2013) Phys.Rev.Lett. Vol:110 pp:082302
20. ALICE Collaboration "Long-range angular correlations on the near and away side in p-Pb collisions at √sNN=5.02
TeV " (2013) Phys.Lett. B Vol:719 pp:29-41

41
42
31. ALICE Collaboration "Charged kaon femtoscopic correlations in pp collisions at √s=7 TeV " (2013) Phys.Rev. D Vol:87
pp:052016

43
<P>nuclei vs NP pC interaction
models predictions are very low and
not comparable with experiment

Average momentum is about constant

From Total momentum 4.2 GeV/c

1.2 -1.3 GeV/c is taken by nuclei

As previously mentioned low

momentum nuclei
Can not be identified which is cause
of difference

44
<P>nuclei vs NP dC interaction

Again models predictions are very

low and not comparable with
experiment

Average momentum is about

constant

Cascade at end measure simmilar to

experiment
Fritiof in behavior is similar to
experimental result

45
<P>nuclei in HeC and CC interaction
Again Experimental values are greater
than model.
linear decrease indicate mostly nuclei
are projectile fragments
As Number of produced particle
increases average momentum is
decreasing

No comparison with models

Regions could not be identified as in multiplicity

46
<PT>nuclei in pC interactions

Almost constant behavior with centrality.

Experimental values are 3-4 times greater
than model.
Indication of similar source size
no comparison with models

47
<PT>Nuclei In dC- Interactions
small increase with Np (centrality).
source size is decreasing
Experimental values are 2-3 times greater
than model.
no comparison with models

48
<PT>nuclei in HeC interactions

Experimental values are greater 2-3 times

Behavior is about same as Fritiof

49
 Our Study
 Experimental Data
 <N>Nuclei, <P>Nuclei and <PT> Nucleiof Nuclei p+C, d+C ,He +C
and 12C+C -Interactions

 CASCADE and FRITIOF Model

 <N>Nuclei, <P>Nuclei and <PT> Nucleiof Nuclei p+C, d+C ,He +C
and C+C interactions
 FRITIOF Model
 <N>Nuclei, <P>Nuclei and <PT> Nuclei of Nuclei p+C, d+C ,He +C
and C+C interaction

 Fitting
 to get quantitative results fitting is used where
requred
 an average value, is a distribution. 50
Experimental results and simple coalescence model
constant coalescence parameters for
different verities of colliding
systems, which is consistent with
model that coalescence parameters
is independent of beam energy.

Relation holds for the data

measured at fixed impact parameter
or at same centrality

51