GEOSCIE 21- PETROLEUM

GEOLOGY
SEDIMENTARY PETROLOGY

JGS ARCILLA
 CLASTIC PETROLOGY

CLASTICS
• DEFINED AS THOSE ROCKS FORMED FROM PRE-EXISTING ROCKS WHOSE CONSTITUENTS
WERE TRANSPORTED BY SOME MECHANISM.
• MOST COMMON SEDIMENTARY ROCKS DRILLED IN THE OILFIELD
• GRAVELS, SANDS AND CLAYS (I.E. CONGLOMERATES, SANDSTONES, SHALES)
 CLASTIC TEXTURE

MOST COMMONLY DESCRIBE CLASTIC TEXTURES ARE THE FFG:

• GRAIN SIZE
• GRAIN SHAPE
• GRAIN TEXTURE
• GRAIN FABRIC
• SPHERICITY
• ROUNDNESS
GRAIN SIZE
 GRAIN SHAPE
DEPENDS ON
• INITIAL SHAPE WHEN LIBERATED FROM THE ORIGINAL ROCK
• COMPOSITION
• HARDNESS, BRITTLENESS, TOUGHNESS
• INHERITED PARTINGS
• SIZE
• AGENT OF TRANSPORT
• RIGORS OF TRANSPORT
• OTHER RANDOM EFFECTS
 GRAIN TEXTURE
• SURFACE FEATURES OF PARTICLES/GRAINS CREATED BY OR DURING TRANSPORT AND
FORMATION OF THE CLASTIC ROCK.
• I.E ROUGH, SMOOTH, PITTED, ETC.
 GRAIN FABRIC
• IS AFFECTED BY THE MANNER IN WHICH THE PARTICLES WERE LAID DOWN AND THE
RESULTING STRUCTURE OF THE INTER PORE CONNECTIONS.
 SPHERICITY
• IT IS THE DEGREE TO WHICH A PARTICLE APPROXIMATES THE SHAPE OF THE SPHERE,
 ROUNDNESS
• RELATED TO THE SHARPNESS OR CURVATURE OF ANY EDGES AND CORNERS
 GRAIN CONTACT
• DICTATED BY THE ORIGINAL PACKING AND THE DEGREE AND AMOUNT OF ANY PRESSURE
SOLUTION.
• DEPENDS UPON IMPOSED STRESSES AND PARTICLE DISSOLUTION RESULTING FROM
OVERBURDEN OR FROM DEFORMATION.
 SILICICLASTICS

• COMPOSED OF GRAIN, MATRIX AND CEMENT.

COMPONENTS:
• MONOCRYSTALLINE QUARTZ- <1.0MM GRAIN SIZE, MASSIVE, CRYSTALLINE.
• POLYCRYSTALLINE QUARTZ- >1.0MM GRAIN SIZE, SUTURED CONTACT, INTERLOCKING
• INTRA/EXTRAFORMATIONAL CLASTS- SAME TYPE/UNASSOCIATED SED ROCKS.
• FELDSPARS- ORIGINATING FROM IGN OR MET ROCKS
• AUTHIGENIC CLAYS- CLAYS FORMED IN PLACE
• HEAVY MINERALS- DETRITAL MINERALS WITH HIGH SP GRAV.
 SANDSTONE CLASSIFICATION
(PETTIJOHN)
PETTIJOHN
CLASSIFICATION

- BASED ON TEXTURE
AND DIVIDES
SANDSTONES IN TO
TWO MAJOR
GROUPS. THAT IS
WHETHER
SANDSTONES ARE
COMPOSED OF ONLY
GRAINS OR WITH
MATRIX.
- ONLY CONCERNED
WITH MINERALOGY
AND
PRESENCE/ABSENCE
OF MATRIX AND NOT
WITH THE
DEPOSITIONAL
ENVIRONMENT
 CALCITE CEMENTATION
TYPES
• POIKILOTOPIC CRYSTALS- A TEXTURAL DESIGNATION. DENOTING A SITUATION WHERE A
SMALL CRYSTALS OF CALCIUM CARBONATE ARE IRREGULARLY SCATTERED WITHOUT COMMON
ORIENTATION, IN A LARGER CRYSTAL OF ANOTHER MINERAL.

• DRUSY CALCITE SPAR- IN MANY LIMESTONES, TWO DISTINCT GENERATIONS CAN BE

DISTINGUISHED. THE CEMENT THAT OCCUPIES THE MAJORITY OF THE ORIGINAL PORE SPACE IS
CLEAR, EQUANT CALCITE, REFERRED TO AS SPARITE, DRUSY SPARITE OR ORTHOSPARITE.
 AUTHIGENESIS

• IMPLIES THE FORMATION OF A MINERAL

DURING OR AFTER DEPOSITION
• CLAYS
• MOST COMMON AUTHIGENIC CLAYS:
ILLITE, KAOLINITE
• POSITIVE EFFECT: OF FORMED FIRST, IT
PREVENTS THE FORMATION OF QUATZ
CEMENT.
 POROSITY AND PERMEABILITY

THREE TYPES OF PORE COMMUNICATION

WITHIN CLASTICS:
• CATENARY POROSITY- PORES
COMMUNICATION VIA 2 PORE THROATS
(EFFECTIVE POROSITY)
• CUL-DE-SAC POROSITY- COMMUNICATES
VIA 1 THROAT (EFFECTIVE POROSITY)
• CLOSED COMMUNICATIONS
 CARBONATE PETROLOGY
TWO TYPES
• LIMESTONE
• DOLOMITE
 COMPONENTS OF LIMESTONES

• OOIDS
• COATED GRAINS
• PELOIDS
• INTRACLASTS
• MICRITE ENVELOPES
• STROMATOLITES
• ONCOLITES
 CLASSIFICATION OF LIMESTONES

THREE SYSTEMS
• GRAIN SIZE
• COMPOSITION
• TEXTURE
CLASSIFICATION OF LIMESTONES
CLASSIFICATION OF LIMESTONES
 CARBONATE CEMENTATION

MAIN TYPES OF CEMENT

• NEOMORPHISM= RECRYSTALLIZATION

• MINISCUS CEMENT- MICRO-SPAR CEMENT FOUND IN CALCILUTITES CHARACTERIZED BY

IRREGULAR OR CURVED INTERCRYSTALLINE BOUNDARY

• ISOPACHOUS CEMENT- EQUAL LAYERS OF CALCITE ON PRE EXISTING GRAINS

 DOLOMITIZATION

• INCREASES POROSITY BY 12-13%.

 POROSITY IN CARBONATES
• ARCHIE CLASSIFICATION SYSTEM