RTe bookCh34Delta1D

1D SEDIMENT TRANSPORT MORPHODYNAMICS
with applications to
RIVERS AND TURBIDITY CURRENTS
CHAPTER 34:
MORPHODYNAMICS OF RIVERS ENDING IN 1D DELTAS
When rivers flow into bodies of standing

water such as lakes or reservoirs, they
typically form fan-deltas that spread out
laterally as they prograde in the
streamwise direction.
If the river is confined by a narrow canyon,

however, the installation of a dam can
lead to a nearly 1D delta that progrades
downstream. An example is shown on the
next page.
Fan-delta at the upstream and

of Mills Lake, a reservoir on the
Elwha River, Washington, USA.
Image courtesy Y. Cui.
1
AN EXAMPLE OF A 1D DELTA
Hoover Dam was closed in

1936. Backwater from the
dam created Lake Mead.
Initially backwater extended
well into the Grand Canyon.
For much of the history of
Lake Mead, the delta at the
upstream end has been so
confined by the canyon that is
has propagated downstream
as a 1D delta. As is seen in
the image, the delta is now
spreading laterally into Lake
View of the Colorado River at Mead, forming a 2D fan-delta.
the upstream end of Lake Mead.
Image from NASA
https://zulu.ssc.nasa.gov/mrsid/mrsid.pl 2
HISTORY OF SEDIMENTATION IN LAKE MEAD, 1936 - 1948
Image based on an original from 3

Grover and Howard (1937)
STRUCTURE OF A DELTA: TOPSET, FORESET AND BOTTOMSET
A typical delta deposit can be divided into a topset, foreset and bottomset. The
topset is coarse-grained (sand or sand and gravel), and is emplaced by fluvial
deposition. The foreset is also coarse-grained, and is emplaced by avalanching.
The bottomset is fine-grained (mud, e.g. silt and clay) and is emplaced by either
plunging turbidity currents are rain from sediment-laden surface plumes.
topset
standing water
gravel/sand
foreset
bottomset
antecedent bed profile
mud
(silt/clay) 4
SIMPLIFICATION: TOPSET AND FORESET ONLY
Here the problem is simplified by considering a topset and foreset only. That is, the
effect of the mud is ignored. Mud is included in a later chapter.
topset
standing water
gravel/sand
foreset
5
MOVING BOUNDARIES
The problem is charactized by two moving boundaries. The point x = ss(t)
corresponds to the topset-foreset break, and the point x = sb(t) corresponds to the
foreset-bottomset break. Bed elevation is denoted as (x, t); the antecedent bed
profile over which the delta progrades is denoted as base(x).
Bed elevation at the topset-foreset break is given as s(t) = [ss(t), t]. Bed elevation
at the foreset-bottomset break is given as b(t) = [sb(t), t].
topset-foreset break
ss(t)
s(t) Sa
foreset-bottomset break
sb(t)
b(t)
6
EXNER EQUATION OF SEDIMENT CONSERVATION
The Exner equation of sediment conservation takes the form
 qt
(1  p )  - f
t x
An appropriate boundary condition at the upstream end is
qt x 0  qtf
where qtf denotes a sediment feed rate
qtf
ss(t)
s(t) Sa
sb(t)
b(t) 7
LINEAR BED PROFILE ON FORESET (DELTA FRONT)
Bed elevation on the fluvial region, i.e. 0  x  ss(t) is denoted as f(x,t). The delta
front is assumed to have a specified constant angle of avalanching Sa. This angle is
usually less, often much less than the angle of repose of the sediment (Kostic and
Parker, 20xx). The profile on the foreset is thus given as
  s (t)  Sa [ x  ss (t)] , ss (t)  x  sb (t)
s (t)  f [ss (t), t ]
ss(t)
s(t) Sa
sb(t)
b(t) 8
SHOCK CONDITION ON FORESET (DELTA FRONT)
The Exner equation of sediment continuity
 qt
(1  p )  - f
t x
can be integrated across the delta front to yield the shock condition

dx   f qt [ss ( t), t ]  qt [sb ( t), t ]
sb ( t )
(1  p )
ss ( t ) t
(Swenson et al., 2000: Kostic and Parker, 2003a,b). Now it is assumed that no
(coarse-grained) sediment escapes the toe of the delta front, so that qt[sb(t), t] = 0.
In addition, the bed profile across the foreset,
  f [ss (t), t]  Sa [x  ss (t)] , ss (t)  x  sb (t)

can be used to calculate /t across it. Remembering to compute the material
derivative of f[ss(t), t], it is found that
 f f dss dss
   Sa 9
t t ss x ss dt dt
SHOCK CONDITION ON FORESET (DELTA FRONT) contd.
Denoting
f ds
Ss   , s s  s
x ss dt
The condition at the bottom of the last slide reduces to
 f
  (Sa  Ss )s s
t t ss
Where Ss denotes the bed slope of the fluvial region at the topset-foreset break.
Now substituting the above relation into

sb ( t )
(1  p ) dx   f qt [ss ( t), t ]
ss ( t ) t
and integrating, it is found that
 f 
(1  p )(sb  ss )(Sa  Ss )ss 
    f qt [ss (t), t ]
 t ss 
 10
SHOCK CONDITION ON FORESET (DELTA FRONT) contd.
Upon reduction, the shock condition can be reduced to the following form:
1   f qts f 
ss    
(Sa  Ss )  (1  p )(sb  ss ) t ss 

where qts = qt[ss(t), t] denotes the volume rate per unit width of delivery of bed
material load to the brink of the foreset.
This condition can be understood in a simple way. Suppose that Ss << Sa and that
the term (f t ) ss can be neglected. Further noting that the height of the delta front
 is equal to Sa (sb – ss), it is seen that the condition reduces to:
(1  p )s s   f qts qts s s t

That is, all the sediment delivered to
(sb - ss)Sa
the topset-foreset break is consumed
in prograding the delta forward at
speed s s . sb - ss 11
CONTINUITY CONDITION AT FORESET-BOTTOMSET BREAK
The foreset elevation profile must match continuously with the antecedent bed
profile base(x) at the point x = sb(t), i.e. the foreset-bottomset break. Here base is a
specified profile. Thus (Kostic and Parker, 2003a,b):
f [ss (t), t]  Sa [sb (t)  ss (t)]  base [sb (t)]
ss(t)
s(t) Sa
sb(t)
b(t)
12
CONTINUITY CONDITION AT FORESET-BOTTOMSET BREAK contd.
Taking the derivative with respect to time of the equation below
f [ss (t), t]  Sa [sb (t)  ss (t)]  base [sb (t)]
yields the result
f f ss  Sa (s b  s s )  base
 s b
t ss x ss x sb
Denoting the basement slope at the foreset-bottomset break as Sb, where
 s s t
Sb   bed qts
x sb
the condition reduces to (sb - ss)Sa
Sa  Sb s b  Sa  Ss s s  f
t ss sb - ss
Thus if Ss and Sb are small compared to Sa and the time derivate in f can be
neglected, the condition reduces simply to
s b  s s so that the foreset-bottomset break progrades at the same speed

as the topset-foreset break. 13
MOVING BOUNDARY FORMULATION
The Exner equation on the fluvial zone is transformed using the following moving-
boundary coordinates:
x
x̂  , t̂  t
ss ( t )
Note that the fluvial zone is now traversed from sediment feed point to topset-
foreset break as 0  x̂  1. The derivatives transform according to the chain rule as
x̂ 1 t̂ x̂ x  t̂

 ,  0,   2 ss , 1
x ss x t ss t
 x̂  t̂  1 
  
x x x̂ x t̂ ss x̂
 x̂  t̂  x    s s  
    2 ss    x̂ 
t t x̂ t t̂ ss x̂ t̂ ss x̂ t̂ 14
EXNER EQUATION, SHOCK CONDITION AND CONTINUITY CONDITION IN
MOVING-BOUNDARY COORDINATES
The Exner equation transforms to:
 f s s f  1 qt

(1  p )  x̂     f
 t̂ ss x̂  ss x̂
The shock condition transforms to:
 f   f qt (1, t̂ )
sb  ss   Sas s  
 t̂ x̂ 1  (1  p )
The continuity condition transforms to:
f
Sas s 
t̂ x̂ 1
s b 
Sa  Sb  15
IMPLEMENTATION: SEDIMENT TRANSPORT RELATION
The calculation is implemented using a generic relation for total bed material
transport:
qt  RgD Dqt , 
qt  t   c 
nt
where t, nt and c* must be specified. The flow field is computed using a constant
Chezy coefficient Cz for simplicity.
As was seen in Chapters 19 and 21, the generalization to a) a sediment transport

formulation that divides bed material load into bed load and suspended load
components, b) a resistance predictor that divides resistance into skin friction and
form drag and c) a flow hydrograph is relatively straightforward.
16
IMPLEMENTATION: BACKWATER FORMULATION
Deltas are zones where rivers meet standing water. As a result, it can be expected
that backwater effects are important in deltas. The backwater formulation was given
in Chapter 5. In moving-boundary coordinates, it takes the form
dH S  Sf 1 f q2w
 ss S , Fr  2
, Sf  CfFr 2
dx̂ 1  Fr 2 ss x̂ gH3
with the boundary condition on H of
H(1, t)  s (t̂)  f (1, t̂)

where s denotes the elevation of standing water.
Note that the elevation of standing water s can in general be a function of time. It
is variation in this parameter that allows the determination of the effect of base level
change on delta morphodynamics.
17
IMPLEMENTATION: BACKWATER FORMULATION contd.
Once the depth H is computed everywhere at a given time from the backwater
formulation, the Shields number * is evaluated from the relation
q2w
 b CfU2 Cf H2
   
 RgD RgD RgD
This in turn allows evaluation of qt from the total bed material load equation:
qt  RgD Dq 
t , q   

t t
  nt

c 
18
IMPLEMENTATION: NORMAL FLOW APPROXIMATION
In some cases it is desirable to use the normal flow approximation, even with its
disadvantages in the vicinity of a delta. In such case the backwater formulation is
replaced with the computation
1/ 3
 Cf q2w  S2 / 3 1 f

    , Cf  Cz2 S
 g  RD ss x̂
Thus if qw, R, D, Cz and the bed profile  are specified at any time, * and qt
can be computed everywhere from the above relations and the load equation;
qt  RgD Dq 
t , 

q  t   
t

c
 nt
In the backwater formulation, changing base level is mediated by a time-varying

elevation of standing water d, where the function d ( t̂ ) must be specified. In a
backwater formulation, changing base level is approximated in terms of a time-
varying downstream bed elevation. That is,
f (1, t̂)  d (t̂)
where d (t̂ ) must be specified. This condition places some limits on the results 19
of the analysis, as outlined in subsequent slides.
SPECIFICATION OF THE ANTECEDENT BED PROFILE base(x), THE INITIAL BED
CONFIGURATION AND THE UPSTREAM BOUNDARY CONDITION
Although in general the antecedent bed profile can be specified arbitrarily, here it is
assumed for simplicity that this profile has constant bed slope - base/x = Sbase.
The upstream end of the fluvial zone is always located at x = 0. The initial length of
the fluvial zone is ssI and the initial bed slope is SfI. The initial elevation of the
topset-foreset break is sI, and the initial elevation of the bottom of the topset-
foreset break is bI. The initial bed profile is thus given as
f (x,0)  sI  Sf I(ssI  x) or f (x̂,0)  sI  Sf IssI(1  x̂)
The antecedent bed profile is a straight line with slope Sbase and passing though
elevation bI at x = ssI + (sI - bI)/Sa.
In any calculation, Sb, ssI, SfI, sI, bI and foreset slope Sa must be specified by the
user.
The upstream boundary condition is specified in terms of a sediment feed rate qtf,
which in general may vary in time. 20
FLOW OF THE CALCULATION: BACKWATER FORMULATION
For any given time t  t̂ :
•Specify the elevation of downstream standing water d.
•Calculate the backwater curve upstream from x̂  1.
•Use this to evaluate qt everywhere, including qts at x̂  1.
•Implement the shock condition to find s s . This shock condition requires
knowledge of the term  f
t̂ x̂ 1
It is sufficient to evaluate this term using the current bed profile and that
obtained one step t̂ earlier. At t̂  0 this term can be ignored.
•Solve Exner everywhere to find new bed elevations at time t̂ later.
•Use continuity condition to find s b .
•Update boundaries:
ss (t̂  t̂)  ss (t̂)  s st̂ , sb (t̂  t̂)  sb (t̂)  s bt̂
21
b  f [sb (t̂), t̂ ]  f (1, t̂)  Ss (sb  ss )
FLOW OF THE CALCULATION: NORMAL FLOW FORMULATION
For any given time t  t̂ :

•Specify the downstream bed elevation d.
•Calculate the bed slope S everywhere, and use this to find H everywhere.
•Use this to evaluate qt everywhere, including qts at x̂  1.
•Implement the shock condition to find s s . This shock condition requires
knowledge of the term  d
f
 d
t̂ x̂ 1 dt̂
This term can be directly computed in terms of the imposed function d (t̂ ) .
•Solve Exner everywhere except the last node (where bed elevation is
specified) to find new bed elevations at time t̂ later.
•Use continuity condition to find s b .
•Update boundaries:
ss (t̂  t̂)  ss (t̂)  s st̂ , sb (t̂  t̂)  sb (t̂)  s bt̂
22
b  [sb (t̂), t̂ ]  d  Ss (sb  ss )
DISCRETIZATION AND SPECIFICATION OF INITIAL BED
x̂
ghost i=1 2 3 M -1 M i = M+1

M+1
1
1 ss
x̂  , x 
M M
Initial bed
i  Sf bIssI(1  x̂i ) , i  1..M  1

x̂i  (i  1)x̂ , i  1..M  1 M2  bI
xi  x̂iss (t), i  1..M  1 sI  bI
xM2  xM1 
Sa 23
CALCULATION OF DERIVATIVES
Two Excel workbooks with code are presented here. The backwater formulation is
given in RTe-book1DDeltaBW.xls, and the normal flow formulation is given in Rte-
book1DDeltaNorm.xls. In both cases the spatial derivative of f appearing in the
transformed Exner relation
 f s s f  1 q
(1  p )  x̂     f t
 t̂ ss x̂  ss x̂
is computed using a central difference scheme except at end nodes. That is,
 i1  i
 , i1
x̂

  i1  i1
 , i  2..M
x̂ i  2x̂
 i  i1 , i  M  1

 x̂
In the case of the normal flow formulation, it is not necessary to compute the 24
above derivate at node M + 1, because bed elevation d is specified there.
CALCULATION OF DERIVATIVES contd.
Spatial derivatives in qt should be based on an upwinding scheme for a backwater
formulation. In the code presented here, a pure upwinding scheme is used for all
nodes, i.e.
 qt,i  qtf
qt  , i1
 x̂
x̂ i  qt,i  qt,i1
, 1 i  M  1
 x̂
A partial upwinding scheme will also work.
In the case of a normal flow formulation, spatial derivatives in qt can be based on a

central difference scheme for internal nodes:
 qt,i1  qtf
qt  , i1
 2x̂
x̂ i  qt,i  qt,i1
, 2iM
 2x̂
Again, in the normal flow formulation the above derivative need not be computed25at
node M = 1.
INTRODUCTION TO Rte-book1DDeltaBW.xls
The code in this spreadsheet uses a backwater formulation. Input variables include
Flood discharge/width qw Time step t
Flood intermittency f No. of spatial intervals M
Chezy resistance coefficient Cz Steps to printout Mtoprint
Grain size D Printouts beyond initial Mprint
Sed submerged specific gravity R
Deposit porosity p
Volume bed material feed rate/widthqtf
The code uses a fixed
Coefficient in bed material transport relation at
elevation d of standing
Exponent in bed material transport relation nt
water at the downstream
Critical Shields number in transport relation c*
end. The code can be
Elevation of downstream standing water d
easily modified to handle
Initial elevation of topset-foreset break sI
the case of time-varying
Initial elevation of foreset-bottomset break bI
base level.
Initial bed slope of fluvial zone SfI
Bed slope of subaqueous basement Sb
Initial length of fluvial zone sfI
Maximum length of fluvial zone sfmax 26
Slope of avalanching on foreset Sa
Input parameters CALCULATIONS WITH Rte-
qw 6 m^2/s water discharge/width
book1DDeltaBW.xls
f 1 intermittency
Cz 15 dimensionless Chezy resistance coefficient
D 0.5 mm grain size of sediment
R 1.65 submerged specific gravity of sediment
p 0.4 bed porosity
qtf 1.00E-03 m^2/s sediment input rate Calculations are
at 7.2 coeff in total bed material load relation presented for the
nt 2.5 exponent in load relation indicated input
sc* 0 critical Shields stress in load relation parameters, except for
d 8.5 m water surface elevation of the lake
Mtoprint, which is
sI 3 m initial elevation of top of the foreset
varied to capture the
bI 0 m initial elevation of bottom of the foreset
SfI 0.00025 initial fluvial bed slope
time evolution of the
Sb 0 subaqueous basement slope river profile.
sfI 10000 m initial length of fluvial zone
sfmax 500000 m maximum length of fluvial zone
Sa 0.2 slope of foreset face
t 0.182625 days time step
M 20 no. of fluvial nodes (excluding ghost node)
Mtoprint 5000 no. of steps until a printout is made
Mprint 6 no. of printouts after the initial one 27
15 years calculation time in years
Note how the backwater

formulation captures the new Bed Profiles Mtoprint = 20
delta front as it progrades over
the12antecedent bed.
10
0 yr
8 0.01 yr
Elevation m
0.02 yr
0.03 yr
6
0.04 yr
0.05 yr
4 0.06 yr
final w.s.
2
0
0 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000 12000
28
Distance m
Bed Profiles Mtoprint = 100
12
10
0 yr
8 0.05 yr
Elevation m
0.1 yr
0.15 yr
6
0.2 yr
0.25 yr
4 0.3 yr
final w.s.
2
0
0 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000 12000
29
Distance m
The incipient delta merges with
the antecedent one, which then Bed Profiles Mtoprint = 200
progrades outward vigorously.
14
12
0 yr
10
0.1 yr
Elevation m
0.2 yr
8
0.3 yr
0.4 yr
6
0.5 yr
0.6 yr
4
final w.s.
0
0 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000 12000 14000
30
Distance m
Progradation with a nice
upward-concave long profile. Bed Profiles Mtoprint = 5000
30
25
0 yr
20 2.5 yr
Elevation m
5 yr
7.5 yr
15
10 yr
12.5 yr
10 15 yr
final w.s.
5
0
0 10000 20000 30000 40000 50000 60000 70000 80000
31
Distance m
The calculation craps out

Bed Profiles for Mtoprint = 10000
(final time = 30 years).
4000
3500
3000 0 yr
5 yr
Elevation m
2500 10 yr
15 yr
2000
20 yr
1500 25 yr
30 yr
1000 final w.s.
500
0
0 20000 40000 60000 80000 100000 120000
32
Distance m
Not to worry. Just

Bed Profiles increase the number of
spatial intervals M from
40 20 to 40 and it works fine
for Mtoprint = 10000 (final
35 time = 30 years)!
30 0 yr
5 yr
Elevation m
25 10 yr
15 yr
20
20 yr
15 25 yr
30 yr
10 final w.s.
0
0 20000 40000 60000 80000 100000 120000
33
Distance m
The conditions for this run are
identical to those of the previous
Bed Profiles
slide, except that basement slope
Sb has been changed from 0 to
40
0.0003. Note that the long profiles
are less concave, and that the
30
progradation rate is reduced.
0 yr
20
5 yr
Elevation m
10 yr
10
15 yr
20 yr
0
25 yr
30 yr
-10
final w.s.
-20
-30
0 10000 20000 30000 40000 50000 60000 70000 80000
34
Distance m
WORKSHEET InData OF Rte-book1DDeltaBW.xls PROVIDES USEFUL GUIDANCE IN
REGARD TO INPUT PARAMETERS
• Make sure that d > sI!
Hi 5.5 m If initial depth Hi = d - sI is
initial depth at top of foreset •deposit
less than Hcrit then the flow will
Hcrit 1.54245 m depth for Froude-critical flow
be locally supercritical and the
Hi must be greater than Hcrit or the backwater calculation willcalculation
fail! will fail!
Ui 1.090909 m/s • If Hi <deposit
initial flow velocity at top of foreset Hni, where Hni = normal
tausi 0.653539 initial Shields stress at top ofdepth
foreset for the initial bed, then the
initial flow will follow an M2
Hni 4.025659 m normal depth associated withcurve, initialwhich
sloperequires a very
Cf 0.004444 friction coefficient dense spatial grid to capture.
dt 15778.8 sec time step in seconds • Certain combinations of sI, bI
and d will cause the calculation
dxbar 0.025 Dimensionless spatial step
to fail as the height of the
tausn 1.569836 normal Shields stress associated foreset with
fallsqwtoand
zero.qtf Increasing
Sn 0.000365 normal slope associated withsIqwusually and qtffixes the problem.
Hn 3.548717 m normal depth associated with• qAs always, it is necessary to
w and qtf
tinker with t and M to obtain
Frn 0.286556 normal Froude number associated numerical withstability.
qw and qtf
Frn must be less than 1 or the backwater calculation will fail!
35
AN EXAMPLE OF A CALCULATION FAILURE
Bed Profiles
All parameters are the same as those of slides
30
27 and 31 except that d has been lowered
25
from 8.5 m to 7 m. The calculation fails for the
very physical reason that the delta front is
20 prograded out of existence. 0 yr
2.5 yr
Elevation m
To get the calculation to work,

5 yr
15 either raise d or lower bI.
7.5 yr
10 yr
10
12.5 yr
15 yr
5
final w.s.
-5
0 10000 20000 30000 40000 50000 60000 70000 80000 90000
36
Distance m
EXAMPLE OF A HIGH BASE LEVEL
Bed Profiles
25
20
0 yr
0.1 yr
Elevation m
15 This case is the same as that of slide 30 0.2 yr

(Mtoprint = 200), except that d is increased 0.3 yr
from 8.5 m to 20 m. Note how this retards 0.4 yr
10 delta progradation. 0.5 yr
0.6 yr
final w.s.
5
0
0 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000 12000
37
Distance m
INTRODUCTION TO Rte-book1DDeltaNorm.xls
The code in this spreadsheet uses a normal flow formulation. Input variables
include
Flood discharge/width qw Time step t
Flood intermittency f No. of spatial intervals M
Chezy resistance coefficient Cz Steps to printout Mtoprint
Grain size D Printouts beyond initial Mprint
Sed submerged specific gravity R
Deposit porosity p
The code uses a fixed bed
Volume bed material feed rate/widthqtf
elevation d at the
Coefficient in bed material transport relation at
downstream end. The
Exponent in bed material transport relation nt
code can be easily
Critical Shields number in transport relation c*
modified to handle the
Elevation of topset-foreset break d
case of time-varying base
Initial elevation of foreset-bottomset break bI
level, but if d rises too
Initial bed slope of fluvial zone SfI
rapidly in time the delta
Bed slope of subaqueous basement Sb
goes into autoretreat,
Initial length of fluvial zone sfI
requiring special treatment.
Slope of avalanching on foreset Sa 38
See Chapter 38.
Input CALCULATIONS WITH Rte-
qw 6 m^2/s water discharge/width
book1DDeltaNorm.xls
f 1 intermittency
Cz 15 dimensionless Chezy resistance coefficient
D 0.5 mm grain size of sediment The input conditions
R 1.65 submerged specific gravity of sediment are identical to slide
p 0.4 bed porosity 27 (backwater
qtf 1.00E-03 m^2/s sediment input rate formulation), except
at 7.2 coeff in total bed material load relation that base level is
nt 2.5 exponent in load relation specified in terms of a
sc* 0 critical Shields stress in load relation fixed downstream bed
d 3 m elevation of top of the foreset level d. Calculations
bI 0 m initial elevation of bottom of the foreset are presented for the
SfI 0.00025 initial fluvial bed slope indicated input
Sb 0 subaqueous basement slope parameters, except for
sfI 10000 m initial length of fluvial zone Mtoprint, which is
Sa 0.2 slope of foreset face varied to capture the
t 0.182625 days time step time evolution of the
M 20 no. of fluvial nodes (excluding ghost node)
Mtoprint 5000 no. of steps until a printout is made river profile.
Mprint 6 no. of printouts after the initial one 39
15 years calculation time in years
Bed Profiles
25 This case (normal flow) corresponds to slide

0 yr
31 (backwater). By this time the results are 2.5 yr
20 not much different between the two. 5 yr
7.5 yr
10 yr
15 12.5 yr
Elevation m
15 yr
10
-5
0 10000 20000 30000 40000 50000 60000 70000 80000
40
Distance m
Comparison at 15 years
The two cases (backwater versus normal) are compared at the
25 end time (15 years) of slides 31 and 40. The profile for the
backwater calculation has prograded less, because the
specified downstream water surface elevation of 8.5 m has led
20
to a computed downstream bed elevation that is higher than the
bed elevation m
specified value of 3 m for the normal flow calculation.

15
backwater
normal
10
0
0 10000 20000 30000 40000 50000 60000 70000 80000
41
distance m
Bed Profiles
This case (normal flow) corresponds to slide
7
29 (backwater). At this earlier time, the 0 yr
6 difference between the two is fairly strong. 0.05 yr

0.1 yr
0.15 yr
5 0.2 yr
0.25 yr
Elevation m
4 0.3 yr
-1
0 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000 12000 14000
42
Distance m
Comparison at 0.3 years

In the case of the backwater calculation, the antecedent delta is still
8 inactive by 0.3 years as the deposit struggles to overcome backwater
7 upstream. In the case of the normal flow calculation,
the antecedent delta is forced to prograde
6 immediately, as there is no backwater.
bed elevation m
5
backwater
4
normal
3
0
0 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000 12000 14000
43
distance m
NOTES IN CLOSING
 This formulation uses a constant Chezy resistance coefficient.
 Could you modify it for Manning-Strickler? For Wright-Parker?
 This formulation uses a relation for total bed material load

 Could you modify it to treat bed load and suspended load separately?
 This formulation assumes a uniform sediment size

 Could you modify it to treat sediment mixtures?
 This formulation assumes constant base level at the downstream end.

 Could you modify it to treat time-varying base level?
 This formulation assumes an intermittency and a constant flood flow.

 Could you modify it to treat hydrographs?
The purpose of this e-book is not to work out each one of these permutations.
Rather the purpose is to provide the reader with the necessary tools to allow
adaptation to specific research and engineering problems of interest. 44
REFERENCES FOR CHAPTER 34
Grover, N.C., and Howard, C.L., 1937, The passage of turbid water through Lake Mead,
Transactions, American Society of Civil Engineers, 103, 720-732.
Kostic, S. and Parker, G., 2003a, Progradational sand-mud deltas in lakes and reservoirs. Part
1. Theory and numerical modeling, Journal of Hydraulic Research, 41(2), 127-140.
Kostic, S. and Parker, G., 2003b, Progradational sand-mud deltas in lakes and reservoirs. Part
2. Experiment and numerical simulation, Journal of Hydraulic Research, 41(2), 141-152
Swenson, J. B., Voller, V. R., Paola, C., Parker G. and Marr J., 2000, Fluvio-deltaic
sedimentation: a generalized Stefan problem, European Journal of Applied Math., 11, 433-
452.
45

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1D SEDIMENT TRANSPORT MORPHODYNAMICS

When rivers flow into bodies of standing

If the river is confined by a narrow canyon,

Fan-delta at the upstream and

Hoover Dam was closed in

Image based on an original from 3

antecedent bed profile

  f [ss (t), t]  Sa [x  ss (t)] , ss (t)  x  sb (t)

and integrating, it is found that

(1  p )s s   f qts qts s s t

f [ss (t), t]  Sa [sb (t)  ss (t)]  base [sb (t)]

s b  s s so that the foreset-bottomset break progrades at the same speed

x̂ 1 t̂ x̂ x  t̂

 f s s f  1 qt

The shock condition transforms to:

As was seen in Chapters 19 and 21, the generalization to a) a sediment transport

with the boundary condition on H of

H(1, t)  s (t̂)  f (1, t̂)

In the backwater formulation, changing base level is mediated by a time-varying

f (x,0)  sI  Sf I(ssI  x) or f (x̂,0)  sI  Sf IssI(1  x̂)

For any given time t  t̂ :

ghost i=1 2 3 M -1 M i = M+1

i  Sf bIssI(1  x̂i ) , i  1..M  1

In the case of a normal flow formulation, spatial derivatives in qt can be based on a

Note how the backwater

Bed Profiles Mtoprint = 100

The calculation craps out

Not to worry. Just

To get the calculation to work,

15 This case is the same as that of slide 30 0.2 yr

25 This case (normal flow) corresponds to slide

specified value of 3 m for the normal flow calculation.

6 difference between the two is fairly strong. 0.05 yr

Comparison at 0.3 years

 This formulation uses a relation for total bed material load

 This formulation assumes a uniform sediment size

 This formulation assumes constant base level at the downstream end.

 This formulation assumes an intermittency and a constant flood flow.

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