Planning Goals and

Learning Outcomes

Group 6
Alivia Nur Lailatusyaharany (20181111055)
Puput Silviana (20181111039)
Yasmin Rindu Aulia (20181111070)
Yasrilatil Dzul Rizqiyah (20181111053)
 MATERIALS
01 The Ideology of Curriculum

02 Stating Curriculum Outcomes

03 Non Language Outcomes and

Process Objectives.
 The Ideology of Curriculum
In developing goals for educational programs, curriculum planners draw on their understanding both of
the present and long-term needs of learners and of society as well as the planners’ beliefs and ideologies
about schools, learners, and teachers. These beliefs and values provide the philosophical underpinnings
for educational programs and the justification for the kinds of aims they contain. At any given time,
however, a number of competing or complementary perspectives are available concerning the focus of
the curriculum.
There are five curriculum ideologies :

• Academic
rationalism •Learner-centeredness
• Social and •Social reconstructionism
economic
efficiency •Cultural pluralism
Academic rationalism
This justification for the aims of curriculum
stresses the intrinsic value of the subject matter
and its role in developing the learner’s intellect,
humanistic values, and rationality. The content
matter of different subjects is viewed as the basis
for a curriculum and mastery of content is an end
in itself rather than a means to solving social
problems or providing efficient means to achieve
the goals of policy makers. The role of schools is
to provide access to the major achievements of a
particular cultural tradition and to know the
insights gained from studying enduring fields of
knowledge.
Social and economic efficiency
This educational philosophy emphasizes the
practical needs of learners and society and the role
of an educational program in producing learners
who are economically productive. People can
improve themselves and their environment through
a process of rational planning. Social, economic,
and other needs of society can be identified and
planned for “by task analysis, by forming
objectives for each task, and by teaching skills as
discrete units” (Uhrmacher 1993, 4).
Learner-centeredness

This term group together educational philosophies

that stress :
1. The individual need of learners
2. The role of individual experience
3. The need to develop awareness, self-reflection,
critical thinking, learner strategies, and other
qualities and skills that are believed to be
important for learners to develop
 Social reconstructionism
This curriculum perspective emphasizes the roles schools and
learners can and should play in addressing social injustices and
inequality. Curriculum development is not seen as a neutral
process. Schools likewise do not present equal opportunities for
all (Freire 1972; Apple 1986) but reflect the gen- eral inequalities
in society. Schools must engage teachers and students in an
examination of important social and personal problems and
seek ways to address them. This process is known as
“empowerment.” Teachers must em-power their students so that
they can recognize unjust systems of class, race, or gender, and
challenge them.
Cultural pluralism
This philosophy argue that school should
preapare student to participate in several different
cultures, not just the dominant one which means
none cultures group is superior to others.
Cultural pluralism seeks to redress racism, to
raise the self-esteem of minority groups, and to
help children appreciate the viewpoints of other
cultures and religions (Uhrmacher 1993).
 Stating Curriculum Outcomes
AIM
In curriculum discussions, the
terms goal and aim are used
interchangeably to refer to a
description of the general
purposes of a curriculum and
objective to refer to a more
specific and concrete description
of purposes. We will use the terms
aim and objective here. An aim
refers to a statement of a general
change that a program seeks to
bring about in learners.
OBJECTIVE
It refers to a statement of specific changes
a program seeks to bring about and
results from an analysis of the aim into its
different components. Objectives
generally have the following
characteristics:
• They describe what the aim seeks to
achieve in terms of smaller units of
learning.
• They provide a basis for the
organization of teaching activities.
• They describe learning in terms of
observable behavior or performance.
In relation to the activity of “understanding lectures” referred to
above,for example, aims and objectives such as the following can
be described
(Brown 1995):
AIM
• Students will learn how to understand lectures given in English.
OBJECTIVES
• Students will be able to follow an argument, theme, or thesis of a
lecture.
• Students will learn how to recognize the following aspects of a
lecture:
 cause-and-effect relationships
 comparisons and contrasts
 premises used in persuasive arguments
 supporting details used in persuasive arguments
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