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Biology
“The central dogma of molecular biology
deals with the detailed residue-by-
residue transfer of sequential
information. It states that such
information cannot be transferred back
from protein to either protein or nucleic
acid.”
Transcription Translation
RNA processing
DNA REPLICATION
Animation gone Crazy
• DNA Replicates and Replicates
DNA is anti-parallel
• Two strands run
parallel to each other
but with opposite
alignments
(directions)
• McGraw-Hill DNA
• Why is being anti-
parallel an advantage
to the DNA
molecule?
DNA REPLICATION
• Semi-conservative =
each one of the
parent DNA strands
is passed to the
daugher DNA + one
new strand for each
• Semi-conservative
DNA (30 secs)
SNEAK PREVIEW:
DNA REPLICATION
PLAYERS (enzyme
review)
Question:
When and where does DNA Replication take
place?
Mitosis
-prophase
-metaphase
-anaphase
-telophase
Fill out DNA Replication
Enzymes CHART
• Lots of enzymes are
needed to start each step
Enzyme Topoisomerase
also called DNA gyrase
• Unwinds double helix
Enzyme Enzyme
DNA
Topoisomerase
• Topoisomerase Youtube I and II (1:45)
• Topoisomerase Animation (2:16)
Enzyme Helicase:
separates (breaking H-
bonds) double helix at the
replication fork
DNA-RNA-Protein (see ani)
YOU TUBE DNA replication (1:05)
Helicase
DNA Helicase
• The enzyme is unwinding the chain and
breaking the H-bonds between the
complementary base pairs (A-T, G-C).
Enzyme:
Primase
Helicase Primase
Helicase
= the enzyme
that makes RNA
nucleotides
into a primer
RNA Primer
• Nucleotides for the starting point
for DNA replication
• Short strands of RNA
DNA replication is initiated at many
points in eukaryotic chromosomes.
• Called Replication Bubbles
• They will eventually all meet to form whole
replicated strand
DNA Replication Bubble: DNA
duplicates in both directions
EM of DNA replication
Origins of Replication
• sites along the DNA molecule where
enzymes start the DNA replication - then
proceeds in both directions to form
“bubbles”
Replication Forks
Y-shaped regions of replicating DNA
molecules where new strands are
growing.
SSB’s
single strand binding proteins
• Stabilize the DNA strands as they
are being replicated
• Prevents rejoining of DNA strands
DNA Polymerases
• DNA Polymerase I
• Cuts off RNA primers and fills in with
DNA (between Okazaki fragments) –
lagging strand
• Can proofread
• DNA Polymerase III
• Elongates the strand by adding DNA
nucleotides on leading strand
• Also proofreads and corrects the
DNA strand
Anti-parallel strand builds in
the opposite direction (but
always in 5’ to 3’ direction)
Leading Strand Lagging Strand
• Template strand of • Other DNA strand
DNA • Forms short strands
• Continuous addition of Okazaki fragments
of nitrogenous bases (that will be joined
• in 5’ to 3’ direction later)
• McGraw-Hill Replication Fork • in the 5’ to 3’ direction
• DNA Replication You Tube (1:35)
• OKAZAKI FRAGMENTS
• The short strands of newly made DNA
fragments on the lagging strand are called
Okazaki fragments after the Japanese
Biochemist Reiji Okazaki.
•
Enzyme: DNA Ligase
a linking enzyme joins the strands
DNA ligase
Okazaki Fragment 1 Okazaki Fragment 2
5’ 3’
3’ Lagging Strand
5’
DNA LIGASE
is the enzyme that
joins the Okazaki
fragments (sugar -
phosphate backbone)
with covalent bonds
DNA REPLICATION
(look for ligase) 2:00
SUMMARY
DNA Replication (5:45) –
shows all the enzymes
• Summary Youtube of DNA replication (4:11)
• Good explanation of the 5’ to 3’ strands
and leading and lagging strands
Includes all your friendly
enzymes
• DNA Replication (3:56) Great animation
How Fast?
Typically
about one in
a billion
nucleotides
is incorrectly
paired
DNA Replication Activity
Work in Lab Groups
• Card stock papers
are original DNA
strands
• Colored paper are
new DNA strands
• MAKE OWN
ENZYMES-
construction paper
Proofreading
DNA 5’-GCGTATG-3’
Answer:
DNA 5’-GCGTATG-3’
DNA 3’-CGCATAC-5’
QUESTION
• In this diagram of the process of DNA
replication at a replication fork, the strand
labeled B is the:
• A template strand
• B lagging strand
• C leading strand
• D Okazaki fragment
• E RNA primer
QUESTION
• In this diagram of the process of DNA
replication at a replication fork, the newly
synthesized DNA strand labeled C is the:
A coding strand
• B parental DNA
• C leading strand
• D lagging strand
ANSWER
• C lagging strand
• A. RNA primers
• The initiation of replication always
starts with a short RNA piece.
The DNA replicating enzymes will
only add nucleotides to the 3' end
of DNA.
QUESTION
• For the DNA strand 5'-TACGATCATAT-3'
the correct complementary DNA strand is:
A 3'-TACGATCATAT-5
• 'B 3'-ATGCTAGTATA-5‘
• C 3'-AUGCUAGUAUA-5‘
• D 3'-GCATATACGCG-5‘
• E 3'-TATACTAGCAT-5'
ANSWER
• B 3'-ATGCTAGTATA-5'