KINEMATICS

Problem: a) What is the acceleration of a car that

𝑚
goes from 20 to 30kph in 1.5s? (Use 2 . )
𝑠
b) At the acceleration, how long will it
take the car to go from 30 to 36kph? (Use 𝑠.)
Problem: a) What is the acceleration of a car that
𝑚
goes from 20 to 30kph in 1.5s? (Use 2 . )
𝑠
b) At the acceleration, how long will it
take the car to go from 30 to 36kph? (Use 𝑠.)

Answer: a) 𝒂 = 𝟏. 𝟖𝟓 𝒎/𝒔𝟐
b) 𝒕 = 𝟎. 𝟗𝒔
 Kinematics is the branch of
mechanics that describes the motion of
objects without considering the causes of
its motion.
 Kinematics is the branch of
mechanics that describes the motion of
objects without considering the causes of
its motion.

One Dimension

Two Dimension
 Kinematics is the branch of
mechanics that describes the motion of
objects without considering the causes of
its motion.

One Dimension
Horizontal Rectilinear Motion
Vertical Rectilinear Motion
Two Dimension
Curvilinear Motion
Distance and Displacement
 Distance and Displacement

Distance
It is the length from one point to another
usually measured in a straight line.
 Distance and Displacement

Distance
It is the length from one point to another
usually measured in a straight line.
Scalar quantity.
 Distance and Displacement

Distance
It is the length from one point to another
usually measured in a straight line.
Scalar quantity.

Displacement
It is the change in position, specified by a
length and a direction.
 Distance and Displacement

Distance
It is the length from one point to another
usually measured in a straight line.
Scalar quantity.

Displacement
It is the change in position, specified by a
length and a direction.
Vector quantity.
 Distance and Displacement

Ex#1: A car moves from point A to point B then

move to point C as shown in the figure below.
a) Find the distance covered by the moving
car.
b) Find the displacement of the car.
 Distance and Displacement

Ex#1: A car moves from point A to point B then

move to point C as shown in the figure below.
a) Find the distance covered by the moving
car.
b) Find the displacement of the car.
Average Velocity and Average Speed
 Average Velocity and Average Speed

Average Velocity
It is defined as the change in position over
the time of travel.
 Average Velocity and Average Speed

Average Velocity
It is defined as the change in position over
the time of travel.

𝒅𝒊𝒔𝒑𝒍𝒂𝒄𝒆𝒎𝒆𝒏𝒕
𝑨𝒗𝒆𝒓𝒂𝒈𝒆 𝒗𝒆𝒍𝒐𝒄𝒊𝒕𝒚 =
𝒕𝒊𝒎𝒆 𝒆𝒍𝒂𝒑𝒔𝒆𝒅

∆𝒙
∆𝒙 𝒙 𝒙𝟐𝟐 −−𝒙𝒙𝟏𝟏
ഥ𝒗
𝒗ഥ== =
=
∆𝒕
∆𝒕 𝒕𝒕𝟐𝟐 −
−𝒕𝒕𝟏𝟏
 Average Velocity and Average Speed

Ex#2: In Ex#1 compute the average velocity of the

car, if the car travels 1.5s in total.
 Average Velocity and Average Speed

Ex#2: In Ex#1 compute the average velocity of the

car, if the car travels 1.5s in total.
 Average Velocity and Average Speed

Average Speed
It is defined as the total distance traveled
along its path divided by the time it takes to
travel this distance.
 Average Velocity and Average Speed

Average Speed
It is defined as the total distance traveled
along its path divided by the time it takes to
travel this distance.

𝒅𝒊𝒔𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒄𝒆 𝒕𝒓𝒂𝒗𝒆𝒍𝒆𝒅
𝒅𝒊𝒔𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒄𝒆 𝒕𝒓𝒂𝒗𝒆𝒍𝒆𝒅 𝒅
𝑨𝒗𝒆𝒓𝒂𝒈𝒆 𝒔𝒑𝒆𝒆𝒅 =
𝑨𝒗𝒆𝒓𝒂𝒈𝒆 𝒔𝒑𝒆𝒆𝒅 = =
𝒕𝒊𝒎𝒆
𝒕𝒊𝒎𝒆𝒆𝒍𝒂𝒑𝒔𝒆𝒅
𝒆𝒍𝒂𝒑𝒔𝒆𝒅 ∆𝒕

𝒅
𝒅
𝒔𝒔 =
=
∆𝒕
 Average Velocity and Average Speed

Ex#3: In Ex#1 compute the average speed of the

car, if the car travels 1.5seconds in total.
 Average Velocity and Average Speed

Ex#3: In Ex#1 compute the average speed of the

car, if the car travels 1.5seconds in total.
Acceleration
 Acceleration

Average Acceleration
It is the change in velocity divided by the
time taken.
 Acceleration

Average Acceleration
It is the change in velocity divided by the
time taken.

𝒄𝒉𝒂𝒏𝒈𝒆 𝒐𝒇 𝒗𝒆𝒍𝒐𝒄𝒊𝒕𝒚
𝑨𝒗𝒆𝒓𝒂𝒈𝒆 𝒂𝒄𝒄𝒆𝒍𝒆𝒓𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 = 𝒄𝒉𝒂𝒏𝒈𝒆 𝒐𝒇 𝒗𝒆𝒍𝒐𝒄𝒊𝒕𝒚
𝑨𝒗𝒆𝒓𝒂𝒈𝒆 𝒂𝒄𝒄𝒆𝒍𝒆𝒓𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 = 𝒕𝒊𝒎𝒆𝒆𝒍𝒂𝒑𝒔𝒆𝒅
𝒆𝒍𝒂𝒑𝒔𝒆𝒅
𝒕𝒊𝒎𝒆

𝒗𝒗𝟐 − − 𝒗𝒗𝟏 ∆𝒗∆𝒗

ഥ𝒂
𝒂ഥ== 𝒕 − 𝒕 =
𝟐 𝟏 =
𝒕𝟐𝟐 − 𝒕𝟏𝟏 ∆𝒕
∆𝒕
 Acceleration

Ex#4: A car is moving to the east, which we choose

to be the positive x-axis then the driver suddenly
steps on the breaks. If the initial velocity of
the car is 20m/s and it takes to 3s to slow down
5m/s. Find the car’s average acceleration.
 Acceleration

Ex#4: A car is moving to the east, which we choose

to be the positive x-axis then the driver suddenly
steps on the breaks. If the initial velocity of
the car is 20m/s and it takes to 3s to slow down
5m/s. Find the car’s average acceleration.
 Acceleration

Ex#5: a) What is the acceleration of a car that

𝑚
goes from 20 to 30kph in 1.5s? (Use 2 . )
𝑠
b) At the acceleration, how long will it
take the car to go from 30 to 36kph? (Use 𝑠.)
Motion at Constant Acceleration
 Motion at Constant Acceleration

An acceleration is said to be constant if

the velocity is changing by a constant or a
uniform rate.
 Motion at Constant Acceleration

An acceleration is said to be constant if

the velocity is changing by a constant or a
uniform rate.
(4)Kinematic Equations for Constant Acceleration:
 Motion at Constant Acceleration

An acceleration is said to be constant if

the velocity is changing by a constant or a
uniform rate.
(4)Kinematic Equations for Constant Acceleration:

𝒗 = 𝒗𝟎 + 𝒂𝒕

𝒗 + 𝒗𝟎
𝒙 − 𝒙𝟎 = 𝒕
𝟐

𝟏 𝟐
𝒙 − 𝒙𝟎 = 𝒗𝟎 𝒕 + 𝒂𝒕
𝟐

𝒗𝟐 = 𝒗𝟐𝟎 + 𝟐𝒂∆𝒙
 Motion at Constant Acceleration

Ex#6: A sports car slow-downs uniformly from a

speed of 50m/s to stop in 6s. How far did it
travel in that time?
 Motion at Constant Acceleration

Ex#6: A sports car slow-downs uniformly from a

speed of 50m/s to stop in 6s. How far did it
travel in that time?
 Motion at Constant Acceleration

Ex#7: A truck starts from rest and moves with a

constant acceleration of 5𝑚/𝑠 2 . Find its speed and
the distance travelled after 4s has elapsed.
 Motion at Constant Acceleration

Ex#8: A world-class sprinter can reach a top speed

(of about 11.5m/s) in the first 18.0m of a race.
What is the average acceleration of this sprinter
and how long does it take her to reach that speed?
 Motion at Constant Acceleration

Ex#9: A plane starts from rest and accelerates

along the ground before takeoff. It moves 600m in
12s. Find:
a) the acceleration,
b) speed at the end of 12s,
c) distance moved during the twelfth second.
Freely Falling Bodies
 Freely Falling Bodies

Free-fall is the state of body that moves

freely in any manner in the presence of gravity.
According to Galileo the fall of an object
is the same whether it is light or heavy and this
acceleration called acceleration due to gravity
and we give a symbol, 𝒈.

𝟐
𝒈𝒈==𝟗.𝟗.𝟖𝟏𝒎/𝒔
𝟖𝟏𝒎/𝒔
𝟐
 Freely Falling Bodies

(4)Kinematic Equations for Constant Acceleration:

For Horizontal:

𝒗 = 𝒗𝟎 + 𝒂𝒕

𝒗 + 𝒗𝟎
𝒙 − 𝒙𝟎 = 𝒕
𝟐

𝟏
𝒙 − 𝒙𝟎 = 𝒗𝟎 𝒕 + 𝒂𝒕𝟐
𝟐

𝒗𝟐 = 𝒗𝟐𝟎 + 𝟐𝒂∆𝒙
 Freely Falling Bodies

(4)Kinematic Equations for Constant Acceleration:

For Vertical:

𝒗 = 𝒗𝟎 + 𝒈𝒕

𝒗 + 𝒗𝟎
𝒚 − 𝒚𝟎 = 𝒕
𝟐

𝟏
𝒚 − 𝒚𝟎 = 𝒗𝟎 𝒕 + 𝒈𝒕𝟐
𝟐

𝒗𝟐 = 𝒗𝟐𝟎 + 𝟐𝒈∆𝒚
 Freely Falling Bodies

Ex#10: A girl throws a rock vertically upward into

the air having an initial velocity of 20m/s.
a) How long is the rock in the air before it
comes back to the hand?
b) How high the rock it goes?
 Freely Falling Bodies

Ex#10: A girl throws a rock vertically upward into

the air having an initial velocity of 20m/s.
a) How long is the rock in the air before it
comes back to the hand?
b) How high the rock it goes?
 Freely Falling Bodies

Ex#11: A ball player catches a ball 3.4s after

throwing it vertically upward.
a) What speed did he throw it?
b) What height did it reach?
 Freely Falling Bodies

Ex#12: A ball is thrown upward from the edge of a

cliff with an initial velocity of 6m/s.
a) How fast is it moving 0.5s later? In what
direction?
b) How fast is it moving 2s later? In what
direction?
 Freely Falling Bodies

Ex#13: A stone is thrown vertically upward from

the edge of the overhanging cliff that is 10m
above the ground. On its downward flight, it
missed the edge of the cliff and hit the ground
30s after it was thrown. a) Compute the initial
velocity of the stone. b) Compute the velocity of
the stone as it hit the ground. c) Compute the
maximum height reached by the stone above the
ground.
 Freely Falling Bodies

Ex#13: A stone is thrown vertically upward from

the edge of the overhanging cliff that is 10m
above the ground. On its downward flight, it
missed the edge of the cliff and hit the ground
30s after it was thrown. a) Compute the initial
velocity of the stone. b) Compute the velocity of
the stone as it hit the ground. c) Compute the
maximum height reached by the stone above the
ground.
 Freely Falling Bodies

Ex#14: Using a powerful gun, a steel ball is shot

vertically upward with a velocity of 80m/s,
followed by another shot after 5s. Find the
initial velocity of the second ball in order to
meet the first ball 150m from the ground?
KINEMATICS
IN TWO DIMENSIONS
Problem: A marble with speed of 20cm/s rolls of the edge of the
table 80cm high.
a) How long does it take to drop to the floor?
b) How far, horizontally, from the table edge does the
marble strike the floor?
Problem: A marble with speed of 20m/s rolls of the edge of the
table 80cm high.
a) How long does it take to drop to the floor?
b) How far, horizontally, from the table edge does the
marble strike the floor?

Answer:
 Vector is a quantity that has both magnitude and direction.
It is typically represented by an arrow, the direction and length is
proportional to the quantity’s magnitude.
 Addition of Vectors by Graphical Method

Because vectors are quantities that have direction as well

as magnitude, they must be added in a special way and one method
of this is a tail-to-tip method. This method can be done by these 3-
steps:

1. Start by placing any vector with its tail at the origin (starting
point).

2. Placed the tail of an unused vector to the tip of the previous

vector.

3. Find the resultant vector by drawing a straight line from the tail of
the first vector to the tip of the last vector.
 Addition of Vectors by Graphical Method
Ex#15: Given the following vectors, find the resultant vector.
 Addition of Vectors by Graphical Method
Ex#15: Given the following vectors, find the resultant vector.
 Addition of Vectors by Graphical Method

Ex#15: Given the following vectors, find the resultant vector.

 Addition of Vectors by Graphical Method
Ex#15: Given the following vectors, find the resultant vector.
 Addition of Vectors by Graphical Method

Ex#15: Given the following vectors, find the resultant vector.

 Subtraction of Vectors
Subtraction of vectors can be done in the same way as
vector addition with one simple change. We add the first vector to
the negative of the vector that needs to be subtracted. A negative
vector has the same magnitude as the original but opposite
direction.
 Subtraction of Vectors

Ex#16: Subtract vector B from vector A.

 Subtraction of Vectors

Ex#16: Subtract vector B from vector A.

 Subtraction of Vectors

Ex#16: Subtract vector B from vector A.

 Subtraction of Vectors

Ex#16: Subtract vector B from vector A.

 Adding Vectors by Components

Vectors can be expressed in terms of their horizontal and

vertical in terms of their horizontal and vertical components which is
x and y axes respectively and another way to add vectors is to
expressed both of them in terms of their horizontal and vertical
components and then add the components together and to find the
resultant, use the Pythagorean theorem.
 Adding Vectors by Components

Vectors can be expressed in terms of their horizontal and

vertical in terms of their horizontal and vertical components which is
x and y axes respectively and another way to add vectors is to
expressed both of them in terms of their horizontal and vertical
components and then add then add the components together and to
find the resultant use the Pythagorean theorem.
 Adding Vectors by Components

Formula for Adding Vectors by Components:

 Adding Vectors by Components

Formula for Adding Vectors by Components:

𝑽
𝑽𝟏𝒙 = 𝑽𝟏 𝐜𝐨𝐬𝜽
𝟏𝒙 = 𝑽𝟏 𝐜𝐨𝐬𝜽
𝑽
𝑽𝟏𝒚 = 𝑽𝟏 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜽
𝟏𝒚 = 𝑽𝟏 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜽
𝑽𝑹𝒙
𝑹𝒙 = 𝑽𝟏𝒙
𝟏𝒙 + 𝑽𝟐𝒙
𝟐𝒙 + …
𝑽𝑹𝒚 = 𝑽𝟏𝒚 + 𝑽𝟐𝒚 + …
𝟐 𝟐
𝑽𝑹 = 𝑽𝑹𝒙 + 𝑽𝑹𝒚
𝑽𝑹𝒚
𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝜽 =
𝑽𝑹𝒙
 Adding Vectors by Components

Ex#17: A car is driven 80km north and then 150km 60° south of
east. What is the displacement of the car from the point of origin?
 Adding Vectors by Components

Ex#17: A car is driven 80km north and then 150km 60° south of
east. What is the displacement of the car from the point of origin?
 Adding Vectors by Components

Ex#17: A car is driven 80km north and then 150km 60° south of
east. What is the displacement of the car from the point of origin?
Projectile Motion
 Projectile Motion
A projectile motion is a motion which the only force acting is
gravity, common example of projectile is when an object thrown
upward at an angle to the horizontal provided that the influence of
air resistance is negligible.
 Projectile Motion
A projectile motion is a motion which the only force acting is
gravity, common example of projectile is when an object thrown
upward at an angle to the horizontal provided that the influence of
air resistance is negligible.
 Projectile Motion

Kinematic Equations for Rectilinear Motion:

Horizontal Translation Vertical Translation

𝒗 = 𝒗𝟎 + 𝒂𝒕 𝒗 = 𝒗𝟎 + 𝒈𝒕

𝒗 + 𝒗𝟎 𝒗 + 𝒗𝟎
𝒙 − 𝒙𝟎 = 𝒕 𝒚 − 𝒚𝟎 = 𝒕
𝟐 𝟐
𝟏 𝟐 𝟏
𝒙 − 𝒙𝟎 = 𝒗𝟎 𝒕 + 𝒂𝒕 𝒚 − 𝒚𝟎 = 𝒗𝟎 𝒕 + 𝒈𝒕𝟐
𝟐 𝟐

𝒗𝟐 = 𝒗𝟐𝟎 + 𝟐𝒂∆𝒙 𝒗𝟐 = 𝒗𝟐𝟎 + 𝟐𝒈∆𝒚

 Projectile Motion

Kinematic Equations for Curvilinear Motion:

Projectile Motion
x-component y-component

𝒗𝒙 = 𝒗𝒙𝟎 𝒗𝒚 = 𝒗𝒚𝟎 − 𝒈𝒕

𝒙 − 𝒙𝟎 = 𝒗𝒙𝟎 𝒕 𝟏 𝟐
𝒚 − 𝒚𝟎 = 𝒗𝒚𝟎 𝒕 − 𝒈𝒕
𝟐

𝒗𝟐𝒚 = 𝒗𝟐𝒚𝟎 − 𝟐𝒈∆𝒚

 Projectile Motion

Ex#18: A movie stunt driver on a motorcycle speeds horizontally at

top of a cliff with a speed of 30m/s. If the motorcycle land on a level
ground which is 100m from the base of the cliff, how high is the
cliff?
 Projectile Motion

Ex#18: A movie stunt driver on a motorcycle speeds horizontally at

top of a cliff with a speed of 30m/s. If the motorcycle land on a level
ground which is 100m from the base of the cliff, how high is the
cliff?
 Projectile Motion

Ex#19: A marble with speed of 20cm/s rolls of the edge of the

table 80cm high.
a) How long does it take to drop to the floor?
b) How far, horizontally, from the table edge does the
marble strike the floor?
 Projectile Motion

Ex20: A projectile is fired with an initial speed of 36.6m/s at an

angle of 42.2° above the horizontal on a long flat firing range.
Determine:
a) the maximum height reached by the projectile,
b) the total time in the air,
c) the total horizontal distance covered (that is, the range),
d) and the speed of the projectile 1.50s after firing.
 Projectile Motion

Ex21: A hose lying on the ground shoots s stream of water upward

at an angle of 40 ° to the horizontal. The speed of water is 20m/s
as it leaves the hose. How high up will it strike a wall which is 8m
away?