AWS90 Ch04 Static

Chapter Four
Static Structural Analysis

Linear Static Structural Analysis
Chapter Overview Training Manual
• In this chapter, performing linear static structural analyses
ANSYS Workbench – Simulation

in Simulation will be covered:
– Geometry and Elements
– Contact and Types of Supported Assemblies
– Environment, including Loads and Supports
– Solving Models
– Results and Postprocessing
• The capabilities described in this section are generally

applicable to ANSYS DesignSpace Entra licenses and
above.
– Some options discussed in this chapter may require more
advanced licenses, but these are noted accordingly.
– Free vibration, harmonic, and nonlinear structural analyses are
not discussed here but in their respective chapters. March 29, 2005
Inventory #002215
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Basics of Linear Static Analysis Training Manual
• For a linear static structural analysis, the displacements {x}

are solved for in the matrix equation below:
K x  F
This results in certain assumptions related to the analysis:
– [K] is essentially constant
• Linear elastic material behavior is assumed
• Small deflection theory is used
• Some nonlinear boundary conditions may be included
– {F} is statically applied
• No time-varying forces are considered
• No inertial effects (mass, damping) are included
• It is important to remember these assumptions related to

linear static analysis. Nonlinear static and dynamic
March 29, 2005
analyses are covered in later chapters. Inventory #002215
4-3
A. Geometry Training Manual
• In structural analyses, all types of bodies supported by

Simulation may be used.
• For surface bodies, thickness must be

supplied in the “Details” view of the
“Geometry” branch.
• The cross-section and orientation of line bodies are defined

within DesignModeler and are imported into Simulation
automatically.
– For line bodies, only displacement results are available.
ANSYS License Availability

DesignSpace Entra x
DesignSpace x March 29, 2005
Professional x Inventory #002215
Structural x
Mechanical/Multiphysics x 4-4
… Point Mass Training Manual
• A Point Mass is available under the Geometry branch to

mimic weight not explicitly modeled
– A point mass is associated with surface(s) only
– The location can be defined by either:
• (x, y, z) coordinates in any user-defined Coordinate System
• Selecting vertices/edges/surfaces to define location
– The weight/mass is supplied under “Magnitude”
– In a structural static analysis, the point mass is affected by
“Acceleration,” “Standard Earth Gravity,” and “Rotational
Velocity”. No other loads affect a point mass.
– The mass is ‘connected’ to selected surfaces
assuming no stiffness between them. This is
not a rigid-region assumption but similar to a
distributed mass assumption.
– No rotational inertial terms are present.
DesignSpace Entra x
Structural x
… Point Mass Training Manual
• A point mass will be displayed as a round, grey sphere

– As noted previously, only inertial loads affect the point mass.
– This means that the only reason to use a point mass in a linear
static analysis is to account for additional weight of a
structure not modeled. Inertial loads must be present.
– No results are obtained for the Point Mass itself.

DesignSpace Entra x
Structural x
… Material Properties Training Manual
• The required structural material properties are Young’s

Modulus and Poisson’s Ratio for linear static structural
analyses
– Material input is under the “Engineering Data” branch, and
material assignment is per part under the “Geometry” branch
– Mass density is required if any inertial loads are present
– Thermal expansion coefficient and thermal conductivity are
required if any thermal loads are present
• Thermal loading not available with an ANSYS Structural license
• Negative thermal expansion coefficient may be input (shrinkage)
– Stress Limits are needed if a Stress Tool result is present
– Fatigue Properties are needed if Fatigue Tool result is present
• Requires Fatigue Module add-on license
– Specific loading and result tools will be discussed later
DesignSpace Entra x
Structural /
… Material Properties Training Manual
• Engineering Data view of sample material shown below:

DesignSpace Entra x
Structural x
B. Assemblies – Solid Body Contact Training Manual
• When importing assemblies of solid parts, contact regions

are automatically created between the solid bodies.
– Surface-to-surface contact allows non-matching meshes at
boundaries between solid parts
– Tolerance controls under “Contact” branch allows the user to
specify distance of auto contact detection via slider bar

DesignSpace Entra
Structural x
… Assemblies – Solid Body Contact Training Manual
• In Simulation, the concept of contact and target surfaces

are used for each contact region.
– One side of the contact region is comprised of “contact”
face(s), the other side of the region is made of “target” face(s).
– The integration points of the contact surfaces are restricted
from penetrating through the target surfaces (within a given
tolerance). The opposite is not true, however.
• When one side is the contact and the other side is the target, this
is called asymmetric contact. On the other hand, if both sides are
made to be contact & target, this is called symmetric contact since
neither side can penetrate the other.
• By default, Simulation uses symmetric
contact for solid assemblies.
• For ANSYS Professional licenses and
above, the user may change to
asymmetric contact, as desired.
DesignSpace Entra
DesignSpace / March 29, 2005
Structural x
• Four contact types are available:

Contact Type Iterations Normal Behavior (Separation) Tangential Behavior (Sliding)
Bonded 1 Closed Closed
No Separation 1 Closed Open
Frictionless Multiple Open Open
Rough Multiple Open Closed
– Bonded and No Separation contact are basically

linear behavior and require only 1 iteration
– Frictionless and Rough contact are nonlinear
and require multiple iterations. However, note
that small deflection theory is still assumed.
• When using these options, an interface treatment
option is available, set either as “Actual Geometry
(and Specified Offset)” or “Adjusted to Touch.”
The latter allows the user to have ANSYS close the
gap to ‘just touching’ position. This is available
for ANSYS Professional and above.
DesignSpace Entra
Structural x
• For the advanced user, some of the

contact options can be modified
– Formulation can be changed from “Pure
Penalty” to “Augmented Lagrange,” “MPC,” or
“Normal Lagrange.”
• “MPC” is applicable to bonded contact only
• “Augmented Lagrange” is used in regular ANSYS
– The pure Penalty method can be thought of as
adding very high stiffness between interface of
parts, resulting in negligible relative movement
between parts at the contact interface.
– MPC formulation writes constraint equations
relating movement of parts at interface, so no
relative movement occurs. This can be an
attractive alternative to penalty method for
bonded contact.

DesignSpace Entra
DesignSpace March 29, 2005
Structural x
• Advanced options (continued):

– As explained in Chapter 3, the pinball
region can be input and visualized
• The pinball region defines location of near-
field open contact. Outside of the pinball
region is far-field open contact.
• Originally, the pinball region was meant to
more efficiently process contact searching,
but this is also used for other purposes,
such as bonded contact
• For bonded or no separation contact, if gap
or penetration is smaller than pinball region,
the gap/penetration is automatically
excluded
– Other advanced contact options will be
discussed in Chapter 11.
In this case, the gap between
the two parts is bigger than the
DesignSpace Entra pinball region, so no automatic
DesignSpace gap closure will be performed. March 29, 2005
Structural x
… Assemblies – Surface Body Contact Training Manual
• For ANSYS Professional licenses and above, mixed

assemblies of shells and solids are supported
– Allows for more complex modeling of assemblies, taking
advantage of the benefits of shells, when applicable
– More contact options are exposed to the user
– Contact postprocessing is also available (discussed later)

DesignSpace Entra
Structural x
… Assemblies – Surface Body Contact Training Manual
• Edge contact is a subset of general contact

– For contact including shell faces or solid
edges, only bonded or no separation
behavior is allowed.
– For contact involving shell edges, only
bonded behavior using MPC formulation is
allowed.
• For MPC-based bonded contact, user can set
the search direction (the way in which the
multi-point constraints are written) as either
the target normal or pinball region.
• If a gap exists (as is often the case with
shell assemblies), the pinball region can be
used for the search direction to detect
contact beyond a gap.

DesignSpace Entra
Structural x
… Assemblies – Contact Summary Training Manual
• A summary of contact types and options available in

Simulation is presented in the table below:
Contact Geometry Solid Body Face Solid Body Edge Surface Body Face Surface Body Edge
Solid Body Face All types Bonded, No Separation Bonded, No Separation Bonded only
All formulations All formulations All formulations MPC formulation
Symmetry respected Asymmetric only Symmetry respected Asymmetric only
Solid Body Edge Bonded, No Separation Bonded, No Separation Bonded only
All formulations All formulations MPC formulation
Asymmetric only Asymmetric only Asymmetric only
Surface Body Face Bonded, No Separation Bonded only
All formulations MPC formulation
Symmetry respected Asymmetric only
Surface Body Edge Bonded only
MPC formulation
Asymmetric only
– This table is also in the Simulation online help. Please refer to

this table to determine what options are available.
• Note that surface body faces can only participate in bonded or no
separation contact. Surface body edges allow MPC-based bonded
contact only.

DesignSpace Entra
Structural x
… Assemblies – Spot Weld Training Manual
• Spot welds provide a means of connecting shell assemblies

at discrete points
– For ANSYS DesignSpace licenses, shell contact is not
supported, so spotwelds are the only way to define a shell
assembly.
– Spotweld definition is done in the CAD software. Currently,
only DesignModeler and Unigraphics define spotwelds in a
manner that Simulation supports.
– Spotwelds can also be created in
Simulation manually, but only at
discrete vertices.
DesignSpace Entra
DesignSpace x
Professional x
Structural x
Mechanical/Multiphysics x
DesignModeler x
Pro/ENGINEER
Unigraphics x
SolidWorks
Inventor
Solid Edge
Mechanical Desktop
CATIA V4
CATIA V5 March 29, 2005
ACIS (SAT) Inventory #002215
Parasolid
IGES 4-17
C. Loads and Supports Training Manual
• There are four types of structural loads available:

– Inertial loads
• These loads act on the entire system
• Density is required for mass calculations
• These are only loads which act on defined Point Masses
– Structural Loads
• These are forces or moments acting on parts of the system
– Structural Supports
• These are constraints that prevent movement on certain regions
– Thermal Loads
• Structurally speaking, the thermal loads result in a temperature
field, which causes thermal expansion on the model.

DesignSpace Entra x
Structural /
. . . Time Type Training Manual
• A time type option is available at certain license levels.

• The default time type for loading is “static”
• “Sequence” and “harmonic” time types are available as
options (harmonic analysis is covered in the Advanced WB
training)
• Sequence loading allows a series of static time steps to be
set up in advance and solved at once
• Sequenced results can be reviewed step by step

DesignSpace Entra
Structural x
• Specify the desired number of sequence

steps in the details of the Environment.
• Enter the value of the load for each step by
first highlighting the desired step in the
graphics window.
• The chart in the graphics window displays the

variation of the load.
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• The worksheet view provides a

graphical representation of each
load’s sequence.
• Results of a sequenced simulation

can be reviewed by highlighting the
quantity of interest and picking the
desired sequence from the graphics
window.
March 29, 2005

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… Directional Loads Training Manual
• For most loads/supports which have an

orientation, the direction can be defined by
components in any Coordinate System
– The Coordinate System (CS) has to be
defined prior to specifying the loading. Only
Cartesian coordinate systems may be used
for loading/support orientation.
– In the Details view, change “Define By” to
“Components”. Then, select the appropriate
Cartesian CS from the pull-down menu.
– Specify x, y, and/or z components, which are
relative to the selected Coordinate System
– Not all loads/supports support use of CS:
Load Supports Coordinate Systems
Acceleration No Loads/Supports not
Standard Earth Gravity No listed in the table do not
Rotational Velocity No
have direction
Force Yes
ANSYS License Availability Remote Force Location of Origin Only associated with it, so
DesignSpace Entra x Bearing Load Yes Coordinate Systems are
Professional x
Moment Yes not applicable.
Given Displacement Yes Inventory #002215
Structural x
… Acceleration & Gravity Training Manual
• An acceleration can be defined on the system

– Acceleration acts on entire model in length/time2 units.
– Users sometimes have confusion over notation of direction. If
acceleration is applied to system suddenly, the inertia resists
the change in acceleration, so the inertial forces are in the
opposite direction to applied acceleration
– Acceleration can be defined by Components or Vector
• Standard Earth Gravity can also be applied as a load

– Value applied is 9.80665 m/s2 (in SI units)
– Standard Earth Gravity direction can only be defined along
one of three World Coordinate System axes.
– Since “Standard Earth Gravity” is defined as an acceleration,
define the direction as opposite to gravitational force, as noted
above.
DesignSpace Entra x
Structural x
… Rotational Velocity Training Manual
• Rotational velocity is another inertial load available

– Entire model spins about an axis at a given rate
– Can be defined as a vector, using geometry for axis and
magnitude of rotational velocity
– Can be defined by components, supplying origin and
components in World Coordinate System
– Note that location of axis is very important since model spins
around that axis.
– Default is to input rotational velocity in radians per second.
Can be changed in “Tools > Control Panel > Miscellaneous >
Angular Velocity” to revolutions per minute (RPM) instead.

DesignSpace Entra x
Structural x
… Forces and Pressures Training Manual
• Pressure loading:

– Pressures can only be applied to surfaces and always act
normal to the surface
– Positive value acts into surface (i.e., compressive)
negative value acts outward from surface (i.e., suction)
– Units of pressure are in force per area
• Force loading:
– Forces can be applied on vertices, edges, or surfaces.
– The force will be distributed on all entities. This
means that if a force is applied to two identical
surfaces, each surface will have half of the force
applied. Units are mass*length/time2
– A force is defined via vector and magnitude or by
components (in user-defined Coordinate System)
DesignSpace Entra x
Structural x
… Bearing Load Training Manual
• Bearing Load (was called “Bolt Load” in prior releases):

– Bearing Loads are for cylindrical surfaces only. Radial
component will be distributed on compressive side using
projected area. Example of radial distribution shown below.
Axial component is distributed evenly on cylinder.
– Use only one bearing load per cylindrical surface. If the
cylindrical surface is split in two, however, be sure to select
both halves of cylindrical surface when applying this load.
– Load is in units of force
– Bearing load can be defined
via vector and magnitude or
by components (in any
user Coordinate System).

DesignSpace Entra x
Structural x
… Moment Load Training Manual
• Moment Load:

– For solid bodies, a moment can be applied on any
surface
– If multiple surfaces are selected, the moment load
gets apportioned about those selected surfaces
– A vector and magnitude or components (in user-defined
Coordinate System) can define the moment. The moment acts
about the vector using the right-hand rule
– For surface bodies, a moment can also be applied to a vertex
or edge with similar definition via vector or components as
with a surface-based moment
– Units of moment are in Force*length.

DesignSpace Entra x
Structural x
… Remote Load Training Manual
• Remote Load:

– Allows the user to apply an offset force on a surface or edge of
a surface body
– The user supplies the origin of the force (using vertices, a
cylinder, or typing in (x, y, z) coordinates). A user-defined
Coordinate System may be used to reference the location.
– The force can then be defined by vector and magnitude or by
components (components for direction is in Global CS)
– This results in an equivalent force on
the surface plus a moment caused by
the moment arm of the offset force
– The force is distributed on the surface
but includes the effect of the moment
arm due to the offset of the force
– Units are in force (mass*length/time2)
DesignSpace Entra x
Structural x
… Supports (General) Training Manual
• Fixed Support:

– Constraints all degrees of freedom on vertex, edge, or surface
– For solid bodies, prevents translations in x, y, and z
– For surface and line bodies, prevents translations and
rotations in x, y, and z
• Given Displacement:
– Applies known displacement on vertex, edge, or surface
– Allows for imposed translational displacement in x, y, and z (in
user-defined Coordinate System)
– Entering “0” means that the direction is constrained.
– Leaving the direction blank means that the entity is free to
move in that direction

DesignSpace Entra x
Structural x
… Supports (Solid Bodies) Training Manual
• Frictionless Support:

– Applies constraint in normal direction on surfaces
– For solid bodies, this support can be used to apply a
‘symmetry’ plane boundary condition since ‘symmetry’ plane
is same as normal constraint
• Cylindrical Constraint:
– Applied on cylindrical surfaces
– User can specify whether axial, radial, or tangential
components are constrained
– Suitable for small-deflection (linear) analysis only

DesignSpace Entra x
Structural x
… Supports (Solid Bodies) Training Manual
• Compression Only Support:

– Applies a compression-only constraint normal to any given
surface. This prevents the surface to move in the positive
normal direction only.
– A way to think of this support is to imagine a ‘rigid’ structure
which has the same shape of the selected surface. Note that
the contacting (compressive) areas are not known beforehand.
– Can be used on a cylindrical surface to model a
(referred to as “Pinned Cylinder” 7.1)
– Notice the example on the right,
where the outline of the undeformed cylinder
is shown. The compressive side retains the shape
of the original cylinder, but the tensile side is free to deform.
– This requires an iterative (nonlinear) solution.

DesignSpace Entra x
Structural x
… Supports (Line/Surface Bodies) Training Manual
• Simply Supported:

– Can be applied on edge or vertex of surface or line bodies
– Prevents all translations but all rotations are free
• Fixed Rotation:
– Can be applied on surface, edge, or vertex of surface or line
bodies
– Constrains rotations but translations are free

DesignSpace Entra x
Structural x
… Summary of Supports Training Manual
• Supports and Contact Regions may both be thought of as

being boundary conditions.
– Contact Regions provides a ‘flexible’ boundary condition
between two existing parts explicitly modeled
– Supports provide a ‘rigid’ boundary condition between the
modeled part an a rigid, immovable part not explicitly modeled
Type of Support Equivalent Contact Condition at Surfaces of Part
Fixed Support Bonded contact with a rigid, immovable part
Frictionless Support No Separation contact with a rigid, immovable part
Compression Only Support Frictionless contact with a rigid, immovable part
• If Part A, which is of interest, is connected to Part B,

consider whether both parts need to be analyzed (with
contact) or whether supports will suffice in providing the
effect Part B has on Part A.
– In other words, is Part B ‘rigid’ compared to Part A? If so, a
support can be used and only Part A modeled. If not, one may
need to model both Parts A and B with contact. March 29, 2005
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… Thermal Loading Training Manual
• Temperature causes thermal expansion in the model

– Thermal strains are calculated as follows:
e thx  e thy  e thz  a T  Tref 
where a is the thermal expansion coefficient (CTE), Tref is the
reference temperature at which thermal strains are zero, T is
the applied temperature, and eth is the thermal strain.
– Thermal strains do not cause stress by themselves. It is the
constraint, temperature gradient, or CTE mismatch that
produce stress.
– CTE is defined in “Engineering Data”
and has units of strain per temperature
– The reference temperature is defined in the
“Environment” branch

DesignSpace Entra x
Structural
… Thermal Loading Training Manual
• Thermal loads can be applied on the model

– Any temperature loading can be applied (see Chapter 6 on
Thermal Analysis for details)
– Simulation will always perform a thermal solution first, then
use the calculated temperature field as input when solving the
structural solution.

DesignSpace Entra x
Structural
D. Workshop 4.1 Training Manual
• Workshop 4.1 – Linear Structural Analysis

• Goal:
– A 5 part assembly representing an impeller type pump is
analyzed with a 100N preload on the belt.
March 29, 2005

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E. Solution Options Training Manual
• Solution options can be set under the “Solution” branch

– The ANSYS database can be saved if “Save
ANSYS db” is set
• Useful if you want to open a database in ANSYS
– Two solvers are available in Simulation
• The solver is automatically chosen, although some
informative messages may appear after solution
letting the user know what solver was used. Set
default behavior under “Tools > Options … >
Simulation: Solution > Solver Type”
• The “Direct” solver is useful for models containing
thin surface and line bodies. It is a robust solver
and handles any situation.
• The “Iterative” solver is most efficient when solving
large, bulky solid bodies. It can handle large models
well, although it is less efficient for beam/shells.
DesignSpace Entra x
Structural x
… Solution Options Training Manual
– Weak springs can be added to stabilize model

• If “Program Controlled” is set, Simulation tries to
anticipate under-constrained models. If no
“Fixed Support” is present, it may add weak springs
and provide an informative message letting the user
know that it has done so
• This can be set to “On” or “Off”. To set the default
behavior, go to “Tools > Options … > Simulation:
Solution > Use Weak Springs”.
• In some cases, the user expects the model to be in
equilibrium and does not want to constrain all
possible rigid-body modes. Weak springs will help
by preventing matrix singularity.
• It is good practice to constrain all possible rigid-body
motion, however.

DesignSpace Entra x
Structural x
… Solution Options Training Manual
– Informative messages are also present:

• The type of analysis is shown, such as “Static
Structural” for the cases described in this section.
• If a nonlinear solution is required, it will be indicated
as such. Recall that for some contact behavior and
compression-only support, the solution becomes
nonlinear. These type of solutions require multiple
iterations and take longer than linear solutions.
• The solver working directory is where scratch files
are saved during the solution of the matrix equation.
By default, the TEMP directory of your Windows
system environment variable is used, although this
can be changed in “Tools > Options … > Simulation:
Solution > Solver Working Directory”. Sufficient free
space must be on that partition.
• Any solver messages which appear after solution can
be checked afterwards under “Solver Messages”

DesignSpace Entra x
Structural x
… Solving the Model Training Manual
• To solve the model, request results first (covered next) and

click on the “Solve” button on the Standard Toolbar
– By default, two processors (if present) will be used for parallel
processing. To set the number, use “Tools > Options … >
Simulation: Solution > Number of Processors to Use”
– Recall that if a “Solution Information” branch is requested, the
contents of the Solution Output can be displayed.

DesignSpace Entra x
Structural x
F. Results and Postprocessing Training Manual
• Various results are available for postprocessing:

– Directional and total deformation
– Components, principal, or invariants of stresses and strains
– Contact output
• Requires ANSYS Professional and above
– Reaction forces
• In Simulation, results are usually requested before solving,

but they can be requested afterwards, too.
– If you solve a model then request results afterwards, click on
the “Solve” button , and the results will be retrieved. A
new solution is not required if that type of result has been
requested previously (i.e., total deformation was requested
previously but now direction deformation is added).
March 29, 2005
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… Plotting Results Training Manual
• All of the contour and vector plots are usually shown on the

deformed geometry. Use the Context Toolbar to change the
scaling or display of results to desired settings.

DesignSpace Entra x
Structural x
… Deformation Training Manual
• The deformation of the model can be plotted:

– Total deformation is a scalar quantity:
U total  U x2  U y2  U z2
– The x, y, and z components of deformation can be
requested under “Directional.” Because there is
direction associated with the components, if a
“Coordinate System” branch is present, users can
request deformation in a given coordinate system.
• For example, it may be easier to interpret displacement for a
cylindrical geometry in a ‘radial’ direction by using a cylindrical
coordinate system to display the result.
– Vector plots of deformation are available.
Recall that wireframe mode is the easiest
to view vector plots.
DesignSpace Entra x
Structural x
… Deformation Training Manual
• Deformation results are available for line, surface, and solid

bodies
– Note that “deformation results” are associated with
translational DOF only. Rotations associated with the DOF of
line and surface bodies are not directly viewable
– Because deformation (displacements) are DOF which
Simulation solves for, the convergence behavior is well-
behaved when using the Convergence tool
– Vector deformation plots cannot use“Alert” or “Convergence”
tools because they are vector quantities (x, y, z) rather than a
unique quantity (x or y or z). Use Alert or Convergence tools
on “Total” or “Directional” quantities instead.
– “Total” deformation is an invariant, so “Coordinate Systems”
cannot be used on this result quantity. Also, “Vector”
deformation is always shown in the world coordinate system.
DesignSpace Entra x
Structural x
… Stresses and Strains Training Manual
• Stresses and strains can be viewed:

– “Strains” are actually elastic strains
– Stresses and (elastic) strains are
tensors and have six components
(x, y, z, xy, yz, xz) while thermal
strains can be considered a vector
with three components (x, y, z)
– For stresses and strains, components can be
requested under “Normal” (x, y, z) and “Shear”
(xy, yz, xz). For thermal strains, (x, y, z) components are under
“Thermal.”
• Can request in different results coordinate systems
• Thermal strains not available with an ANSYS Structural license
• Only available for shell and solid bodies. Line bodies currently do
not report any results except for deformation.
• “Equivalent Plastic” strain output is covered in Chapter 11
DesignSpace Entra x
Structural /
… Stress Tools Training Manual
• Safety Factors can be calculated

based on any of 4 failure theories:
– Ductile Theories:
• Maximum Equivalent Stress
• Maximum Shear Stress
– Brittle Theories:
• Mohr-Coulomb Stress
• Maximum Tensile Stress
– Within each stress tool safety factor,
safety margin and stress ratio can be
plotted
– Note: see appendix 4 and the

Simulation documentation for more
details
DesignSpace Entra x
Structural x
… Contact Results Training Manual
• Contact Results:

– Contact results can be requested for selected
bodies or surfaces which have contact elements.
– Contact elements in ANSYS use the concept of
contact and target surfaces. Only contact surfaces
report contact results. MPC-based contact, the
target surfaces of any contact, and edge-based contact do not
report results. Line bodies do not support contact.
• If asymmetric or auto-asymmetric contact is used, then contact
results will be reported on the ‘contact’ surfaces only. The ‘target’
surfaces will report zero values, if requested.
• If symmetric contact is used, then contact results will be reported
on both surfaces. For values such as contact pressure, the actual
contact pressure will be an average of both surfaces in contact.
– Contact results are first requested via a “Contact Tool” under
the Solution branch.
DesignSpace Entra
Structural x
• The user can specify contact output under “Contact Tool”

– The Worksheet view easily allows users to select which
contact regions will be associated with the “Contact Tool”
– Results on ‘contact’ or ‘target’ sides (or both) can be selected
from the spreadsheet (symmetric vs. asymmetric contact)
– Specific contact results chosen from Context Toolbar
Select contact regions you want to

review (add more “Contact Tool”
branches to look at contact region
output separately).
Right-click on the worksheet to see
other available options.
For the “Contact Tool”, then
request contact output results, and
those results will correspond to
selected contact regions.

DesignSpace Entra
Structural x
• Types of Contact Results available:

– Contact Pressure shows distribution of normal contact
pressure
– Contact Penetration shows the resulting amount of
penetration whereas contact Gap shows any gap
(within pinball radius).
– Sliding Distance is the amount one surface has slid with
respect to the other. Frictional Stress is tangential contact
traction due to frictional effects.
– Contact Status provides information on
whether the contact is established (closed
state) or not touching (open state).
• For the open state, near-field means that it is
within pinball region, far-field means that it is
outside of pinball region.
Contour results are plotted with the
ANSYS License Availability rest of the model being translucent
DesignSpace Entra
DesignSpace
for easier viewing. March 29, 2005
Structural x
… Contact Forces Training Manual
• If “Reactions” are requested for “Contact Tool”, forces and

moments are reported for the requested contact regions
– Under the “Worksheet” tab, contact forces for all requested
contact regions will be tabulated
– Under the “Geometry” tab, symbols will show direction of
contact forces and moments.

DesignSpace Entra
Structural x
… Reaction Forces at Supports Training Manual
• Reaction forces and moments are output for each support

– For each support, look under the “Details” view
after solution. Reaction forces and moments are
printed. X, y, and z components are with respect
to the world coordinate system. Moments are
reported at the centroid of the support.
– The reaction force for weak springs, if used, is
under the “Environment” branch Details view
after solution. The weak spring reaction forces
should be small to ensure that the effect of weak
springs is negligible.

DesignSpace Entra x
Structural x
… Reaction Forces at Supports Training Manual
• The “Worksheet” tab for “Environment” branch has a

summary of reaction forces and moments
– If a support shares a vertex, edge, or surface with another
support, contact pair, or load, the reported reaction forces may
be incorrect. This is due to the fact that the underlying mesh
will have multiple supports and/or loads applied to the same
nodes. The solution will still be valid, but the reported values
may not be accurate because of this.

DesignSpace Entra x
Structural x
… Fatigue Training Manual
• If the Fatigue Module add-on license is available, additional

post-processing involving fatigue calculations is possible
– The “Fatigue Tool” provides stress-based fatigue calculations
to aid the design engineer with evaluating the life of
components in the system
– Constant or variable amplitude loading, proportional or non-
proportional loading is possible
Damage Matrix at Critical Location Contour of Safety Factor

March 29, 2005
Inventory #002215
Fatigue Module x 4-53
G. Workshop 4.2 – 2D vs 3D Analysis Training Manual
• Workshop 4.2 – Comparing 2D and 3D Structural Analysis

• Comparing 2D and 3D structural analyses.
• Shown here are the 3D sector model and the 2D axisymmetric
model.
Pressure Cap
Retaining Ring
March 29, 2005
Inventory #002215
4-54

AWS90 Ch04 Static

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Chapter Four

Static Structural Analysis

• In this chapter, performing linear static structural analyses

ANSYS Workbench – Simulation

• The capabilities described in this section are generally

• For a linear static structural analysis, the displacements {x}

ANSYS Workbench – Simulation

• It is important to remember these assumptions related to

• In structural analyses, all types of bodies supported by

ANSYS Workbench – Simulation

• For surface bodies, thickness must be

• The cross-section and orientation of line bodies are defined

ANSYS License Availability

• A Point Mass is available under the Geometry branch to

ANSYS Workbench – Simulation

• A point mass will be displayed as a round, grey sphere

ANSYS Workbench – Simulation

ANSYS License Availability

• The required structural material properties are Young’s

ANSYS Workbench – Simulation

• Engineering Data view of sample material shown below:

ANSYS Workbench – Simulation

• When importing assemblies of solid parts, contact regions

ANSYS Workbench – Simulation

ANSYS License Availability

• In Simulation, the concept of contact and target surfaces

ANSYS Workbench – Simulation

• Four contact types are available:

ANSYS Workbench – Simulation

– Bonded and No Separation contact are basically

• For the advanced user, some of the

ANSYS Workbench – Simulation

ANSYS License Availability

• Advanced options (continued):

ANSYS Workbench – Simulation

• For ANSYS Professional licenses and above, mixed

ANSYS Workbench – Simulation

ANSYS License Availability

• Edge contact is a subset of general contact

ANSYS Workbench – Simulation

ANSYS License Availability

• A summary of contact types and options available in

ANSYS Workbench – Simulation

– This table is also in the Simulation online help. Please refer to

ANSYS License Availability

• Spot welds provide a means of connecting shell assemblies

ANSYS Workbench – Simulation

• There are four types of structural loads available:

ANSYS Workbench – Simulation

ANSYS License Availability

• A time type option is available at certain license levels.

ANSYS Workbench – Simulation

ANSYS License Availability

• Specify the desired number of sequence

ANSYS Workbench – Simulation

• The chart in the graphics window displays the

March 29, 2005

• The worksheet view provides a

ANSYS Workbench – Simulation

• Results of a sequenced simulation

March 29, 2005

• For most loads/supports which have an

ANSYS Workbench – Simulation