Contents

Introduction
• The branch of agriculture concerned with
the care and breeding of domestic animals
such as cattle, hogs, sheep, and horses.
• Husbanding means to use a resorce carefully
and without waste.
• It requires planning for animals
shelter,disease control and proper economic
utilization.
• The increased demand for food due to
population increase has grown awarness of
the need for human treatment of livestock.
• Livestock production needs to be improved.
 Definition

• Animal husbandry is the management and care of

farm animals by humans for profit, in which genetic
qualities and behaviour, considered to be
advantageous to humans, are further developed.
 History
• Animal husbandry has been practiced for thousands
of years since the first domestication of animals.
• First established as a scientific practice by Robert
Bakewell during the British Agricultural Revolution
in the 18th century.
• Most important breeding programs was with sheep.
• Then Lincoln Longwool developed a breed named
the New (or Dishley) Leicester.
• English farmers then breed cattle for beef
consumption.
 Conti.....
• In the twentieth century, the advent of genetic science, the
manipulation of animal genes with the desired result of more
advantageous offspring became more successful.
• By understanding the mechanics of genetic transmission from
parent to offspring, scientists were able to breed animals in a
more precise manner.
• Coupled with new advances in general veterinary science,
nutrition, and the commercialization of farms, animal
husbandry became more systematic, so as to yield higher quality
animals, in shorter time frames, and for less money.
• More recent trends have also attempted to bring in older
traditions involving emotional care and attachment to the
animals cared for the benefit of their development.
 Techniques
• Different techniques used in animal husbandary
are
Artifical insemination
Embryo transfer
In these techniques embryos from high quality
females are transplanted into lower-quality
surrogate mothers.
This improves the ability of the animals to
convert feed to meat, milk, or fiber more
efficiently, and improve the quality of the final
product.
 Breeding Practices
• Animal husbandary is
done for
• Cattle farming.
• Poultry farming.
• Fish farming.
• Bee keeping.
 Cattle Farming
• It is act of raising and
breeding cattle for the
production of meat and
milk.
• It is done for milk
production and farm
labour mainly.
• Milk producing females -
Milch animals
• Farm labour - Draught Cattle Farming
animals
 Poultry Farming
• It is done for egg
production and chicken
meat.
• Improved poultry breeds
are developed to produce
layers for eggs and Broilers Farm
broilers for meat.
• Broiler chickens are fed
with vitamin, protein and
fat rich feed for better
growth.
Layers Farm
 Poultry Care

• Good management practices are assured for good

poultry production.
• Maintainence of temperature,hygine conditions and
prevention of diseases and pests are needed.
• Poultry fowl suffers from a number of disease
caused by virus,bacteria,parasites and nutritional
deficiencies.
• Appropriats vaccination can prevent the occurrence
of infectious diseases.
 Fish Farming

• Fish is an important aquatic food which is rich in protein.

• A large number of people use fish as food.
• It can be used for eradication of problem of malnutrition.
• Fish can be obtained from
 Natural source
 Cultural fiishery
• Fishes can be obtained
from marine as well as
freshwater.
• These are captured and
cultured in ponds,canals
and rivers.
• Then used as food.
Fish Farming
 Bee Keeping
• Honey making has
become an agricultural
enterprise.
• Bee keeping needs low
investment so it is used
by farmers to generate
additional income.
Bee keeping
Bees Used for Commercial Honey
Production
• Bees used for commercial honey production are
 Apis cerana indica
 A. dorsata
 A. florea
 A. mellfera
 Introduction
• Nitrogen availibility is
necessary for growth of
organisms e.g amino acids
• Nitrogen occurs as
Dinitrogen (N2) in air but it is
inert due to triple bond
• For nitrogen availibitity in
growth , it is first fixed or
converted in other forms like
ammonium (NH4) and nitrate
(NO3) ions.
 Definition

• Nitrogen fixation is a process in which nitrogen (N2)

in the atmosphere is converted into ammonium
(NH4+) or nitrogen dioxide (NO2) as atmospheric
nitrogen is inert.
OR

• It is a process in which nitrogen gets fixed in other

forms to become available for plant use.
Nitrogen Fixation Cycle
 Types of Nitrogen Fixation

• Nitrogen fixation is of three main types

i. Atmospheric nitrogen fixation
ii. Industrial nitrogen fixation
iii.Biological nitrogen fixation
 Atmospheric Nitrogen Fixation
• It is done by
• Electrical stroms
• Lightening provides
sufficient to split nitrogen
atoms of nitrogen gas
• Forming oxides of
nitrogen NOx and NO2 Lightening produces nitrates
 Industrial Nitrogen Fixation

• It occurs under great pressure at a temperature of

600 C,using catalysts.
• Atmospheric nitrogen and hydrogen(from natural gas
or petroleum) can be combined to form
ammonia(NH3).
• Ammoia can be used directly as fertilizer.
• It can also be further processed to urea.
 Biological Nitrogen Fixation

• In this nitogen is chemically fixed to ammonia by

micro-organisms like bacteria.
• Some bacteria live in the soil or within root nodules
of legumes, so they can easily fix nitrogen.
• Bacteria in turn gets energy and nutrients from
plants.
• Biological nitrogen fixation requires a complex set of
enzymes and energy (ATP).