Categorical

Proposition
 IS A MENTAL
OPERATION
THAT

Judgement
PRONOUNCES
THE
AGREEMENT OR
DISAGREEMENT
BETWEEN TWO
IDEAS.
Elements of Proposition
Subject, predicate and copula

Quantifier

Indicates the universality at the subject

•Universal proposition- takes the subject in the entirety of its extension. Universal
quantifier: all, every, any, no, none

E.g.:

All schizophrenics are mentally challenged.

No woman will cry.
 Elements of Proposition
Quantifier

•Particular proposition- limits the subject in its extension; Particular quantifier: some,
at least one, most, almost all, majority, many, a lot.

e.g

Not all students are listening.

Some students are listening.

Almost all the students are present.

*singular proposition can be treated as universal for having only one member and therefore
including all of it members.
e.g: Cory Aquino is the first female president of the Philippines.
Elements of Proposition
Quality of a proposition

The relation established between the two terms of the proposition.

•Affirmative proposition- if there is an agreement between the two terms. The

predicate is affirmed by the subject.

e.g:

An angel is not a devil.

All fuckboi are cheaters.

Some politicians are corrupt.

Elements of Proposition
Quality of a proposition

The relation established between the two terms of the proposition.

•Negative proposition- if there is a disagreement between the two terms. The

predicate is denied by the subject.

e.g:

All cheaters are not trustworthy.

Some students are not listening.

A lot of girls does not believe in destiny.

Quality and Quantity Combined
Combination of quality and quantity can derive four standard forms of categorical
proposition. A and I proposition are affirmative taken from Latin word AffIrmo (I affirm)
while E and O proposition are negative propositions taken from Latin word nEgO (I negate)

A- Universal Affirmative Proposition ( All leaders are servants.)

E- Universal Negative Proposition ( No leaders are servants.)

I- Particular Affirmative Proposition (Some leaders are servants.)

O- Particular Negative Proposition (Some leaders are not servant)

Let’s try:
No chairs are tables. Nothing precious is forever.

All roses are flowers. Parenting job is not an easy tasks.

Some artists are painters. Some questions are difficult to answer.

Some lawyers are not liars. Not all that glitters are gold.

Some wounds are not healed. When it rains, it pours.

At least one statue is not bronze. Rodrigo Roa Duterte is the 16th president of
the Republic of the Philippines.
At least one statue is not bronze.
Logical Opposition of the Proposition
Different relations that exist between the propositions having the same subject and
predicate but different quality and quantity.

•Contradiction-propositions differ both in quality and quantity.

•Contrariety- universal proposition that differs in quality only.

•Subcontrariety- particular proposition that differs in quality only.

•Subalternation- two propositions have the same quality but different quantity.
Square of Opposition
A E
Superaltern Contraries Superaltern

I O
Suberaltern Subcontraries Suberaltern
Laws of Contrariety
Contrary opposition is one which exists between two universal propositions that differ only
in quality. A and E propositions.

•If one is true the other is false. (Contraries cannot be both true.)

•If one is false, the other is doubtful (Contraries may be both false)

e.g

A- All diamonds are gems. True A- All flowers are roses. False

E- No diamonds are gems. False E- No flowers are roses. Doubtful

Let’s try:
No apples are mangoes. True No Bicolanos are Filipinos. False
All apples are mangoes. ___?___ All Bikolanos are Filipinos. ___?___

All squamies are noisy. True All fuckbois are Casanova. False

All squamies are not noisy. ___?___ No fuckbois are Casanova . ___?___
Laws of Subcontrariety
Subcontrary opposition is one which exists between two particular propositions that differ
only in quality. I and O propositions.

•If one is false, the other is true. (Subcontraries cannot be both false)

•If one is true, the other is doubtful. (Subcontraries maybe both true)

Some triangles are squares. False Some basketball players are tall. True

Some triangles are not square. True Some basketball players are not tall. Doubtful
Let’s try:
Some students are not present. False Some scholars are not dumb. True
Some students are present. ___?___ Some scholars are dumb. ___?___

Not all men are loyal. True Many students are late. False

Some men are loyal. ___?___ Majority of the students are not late. ___?___
Laws of Contradiction
Contradictory opposition is one that exists between two propositions that differ both in
quality and quantity. A and O, E and I are contradictories.

•If one is true, the other is false. (Contradictories cannot be both true)

•If one is false, the other is true. (Contradictories cannot be both false)

No women are married. False

All soaps are cleansers. True

Some soaps are not cleansers. False

Some women are married. True
Let’s try:
Some prisoners are not guilty. True Some apples are oranges. False
All prisoners are guilty. ___?___ No apples are oranges. ___?___

Not all teachers are sexy and hot. False No women will cry. True

All teachers are sexy and hot. ___?___ Some women will cry. ___?___
 Laws of Subalternation
Subalternate opposition is one which exists between two propositions that differ only in
quantity. A and I are affirmative subalterns; E and O are negative subalterns. The universal
subaltern is called superaltern; particular subaltern is called subalternate

•If the universal is true, the particular is true. (what is true of the universal id true of the
particular)

•If the universal is false, the particular is doubtful.

All surgeons are doctors . True All students are scholars. False

Some surgeons are doctors. True Some students are scholars. Doubtful
Laws of Subalternation
• if the particular is false, the universal is false. (what is denied of the particular is likewise
denied of the universal.)

•If the particular is true, the universal is doubtful.

Some devils are good. False Some oranges are fruits. True

All devils are good. False All oranges are fruits Doubtful
Let’s try:
No beauty queen is ugly. True Some angles are not spiritual. False

Some beauty queen are ugly. ___?___ No angles are spiritual. ___?___

No dogs are animals. False Some athletes are not swimmers. True

Some dogs are not animals. ___?___ No athletes are swimmers. ___?___
 Let’s summarize:
____ ____ True love waits. (True) If A is True: If E is True:
E is ______ A is ______
True love does not wait.
I is ______ I is ______
O is ______ O is ______
____ ____ Many domestic flights are on sale. (False)

Some domestic flights are on sale. If O is False: If I is False:

A is ______ A is ______
E is ______ E is ______
Most graduation speeches are boring. (True) I is ______ O is ______
____ ____ No graduation speeches are boring.
____ ____ Not all graduation speeches are boring.
____ ____ Graduation speeches are boring.
Figures and Moods S Y L LO G I S M S
 Syllogism
Mental product of inferential thinking is argument.

External expressions of an argument is called syllogism.

•Categorical syllogism- inferential thinking that draws conclusion in an absolute manner.

Law implies order.
But, Ten Commandments is a law
∴ Ten commandments implies order.

•Hypothetical syllogism- inferential thinking, which concludes with certainty, affirming or

denying a statement, from affirmation or denial of another.

If students cheat, then they should be punished. Either you are present or absent in class;
But, the students cheated; But, you are present;
∴ They should be punished. ∴ You are not absent.
Constituents of categorical Syllogism
Major term (P)- the predicate term of the conclusion and is contained in the major
premise.

Minor term (S)- the subject term of the conclusion and is contained in the minor premise.\

Middle term (M)- common to and found in both premise.

All animals are substances; Some that glitter are not gold.
But, a dog is an animal; But, all that glitter are precious;
∴ A dog is a substance. ∴ Some precious things are not gold.
Let’s try:

Some deadly weapons are grenade; Some squammies loves to stay at Starbucks ;
But, all grenades are explosives; Joel loves to stay at Starbucks;
∴ Some explosives are deadly weapon. ∴ Joel is a squammy.

No beggars are millionaires; All fuckbois wear a medallion;

But, some beggars are homeless; Jason wears a medallion;
∴ Some homeless are not millionaires. ∴ Jason is a fuckboi.
Figures and Moods of Syllogism
Figure of a syllogism is determined by the location of the middle term, the term that
appears in both premises.

Moods of syllogism refers to the different possible combination of premises and

conclusion according to quality and quantity
First Figure
M P The middle term is
S M the subject of the
major premise and
----- the predicate of
the minor premise
S P
M P
A Prisoners are law-offenders; M P
S M
I But some criminals are prisoners; S M
S P
I ∴ Some criminals are law-offenders. S P

Mood: Darii
Second Figure
P M The middle term is
S M the predicate of
both premises
-----
S P
P M
A A square is a four-sided polygon; P M
S M
E But a circle is not a four-sided polygon; S M
S P
E ∴ A circle is not a square. S P

Mood: Camestres
Third Figure
M P The middle term is
M S the subject of both
premises
-----
S P
M P
O Some that glitter are not gold; M P
M S
A But all that glitter are precious; M S
S P
O ∴ Some precious things are not gold. S P

Mood: Bocardo
Fourth Figure
P M The middle term is
M S the predicate of
the major premise
----- and the subject of
the minor premise.
S P
P M
I Some employees are teachers; P M
M S
A But all teachers are educators; M S
S P
I ∴ Some educators are employees. S P

Mood: Dimaris
Moods of Categorical Syllogism
The different arrangement of the four types of proposition (A, E, I, O) in the syllogism.
There are 256 possible combinations but only 19 are valid.

First Figure: Barbara, Celarent, Darii, Ferio

Second Figure: Cesare, Camestres, Festino, Baroco

Third Figure: Darapti, Disamis, Datisi, Felapton, Bocardo, Ferison

Fourth Figure: Bramantip, Camenes, Dimaris, Fesapo, Fresison

Let’s try:

Some deadly weapons are grenade; All squammies loves to stay at Starbucks ;
But, all grenades are explosives; Joel loves doesn’t stay at Starbucks;
∴ Some explosives are deadly weapon. ∴ Joel is not a squammy.
Figure:____ Mood:_______ Figure:____ Mood:_______

No beggars are millionaires; All counterfeits are fake;

But, some beggars are homeless; Nothing genuine is fake;
∴ Some homeless are not millionaires. ∴ Nothing genuine is counterfeit.
Figure:____ Mood:_______ Figure:____ Mood:_______