Digital Signal Processing

(Discrete Time System)

Ryan D. Reas
ECE Department
Eastern Visayas State University
Discrete Time Signal

 Discrete Time System

May consist of a mathematical expression or a rule which
explicitly defines between input and output.
 Discrete Time Signal
4
x(n)
3

0
n
-1

-2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5
Elementary Discrete Time Signals
 Unit Sample Signal (Impulse Signal)
x(n)

n
0 1 2 3 4

 Unit Step Signal

x(n)

n
0 1 2 3 4 5
Elementary Discrete Time Signals
 Ramp Signal
x(n)

n
0 1 2 3 4

 Exponential Signal
Manipulation of Discrete Time Signals
 Time Shifting (Transformation)
x(n) x(n-1)

TD
1 2 3 4 5 n Delay
1 2 3 4 5 n

x(n)
x(n-4)
TD
1 2 3 4 5 n Delay
1 2 3 4 5 n
x(n) x(n+3)
TA
1 2 3 4 5 n Advance -3 -2 -1 1 2 n
Manipulation of Discrete Time Signals
 Time Folding (Transformation)
x(n) x(-n)

FD
1 2 3 4 5 n FOLD
n -4 -3 -2 -1

x(n)
x(-n)
FD
1 2 3 4 5 n FOLD
-3 -2 -1 n
x(n) x(n+3)
FD
1 2 3 4 5 n FOLD -3 -2 -1 1 2 n
 Manipulation of Discrete Time Signals
 Time Shifting Then Time Folding (Transformation)

x(n) x(n-k) x(-n-k)

TD FD
x(n) Delay x(n-3) FOLD x(-n-k)

1 2 3 4 5 1 2 3 4 5 6 -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1
 Manipulation of Discrete Time Signals
 Time Shifting Then Time Folding (Transformation)

x(n) x(n-k) x(-n-k)

FD TD
x(-n+k)
x(n) Delay FOLD
x(-n)

1 2 3 4 5 -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 -2 -1 1 2 3
 Manipulation of Discrete Time Signals
 Time Scaling (Down Sampling)
x(n) x(an)
TS
x(n) x(2n)

1 2 3 4 5 1 2 3 4 5

n 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 n 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
x(n) 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 x(n) 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
2n 0 2 4 6 2n 0 3 6 9
x(2n) 0 2 4 6 x(3n) 0 3 6
Manipulation of Discrete Time Signals
 Addition

x2(n) y(n)

x2(n)

1 2 3 4 5 1 2 3 4 5
y(n)

x1(n) x1(n)
n 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
1 2 3 4 5
x1(n) 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
x2(n) 0 -1 -2 -3 -4 -5 -6
y(n) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Manipulation of Discrete Time Signals
 Multiplication

x2(n) y(n)

x2(n) 1 2 3 4 5

1 2 3 4 y(n)

x1(n)
x1(n)
1 2 3 4 5 n 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
x1(n) 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
x2(n) -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1
y(n) 0 -1 -2 -3 -4 -5 -6
Manipulation of Discrete Time Signals
 Multiplication

x (n)

x (n)
a
1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4

n 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
x (n) 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
a 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
y(n) 0 2 4 6 8 10 12
Discrete Time System
 Accumulator

x(n) x(n) y(n)

T y (n)

Accumulator

1 2 3 4 5 n 1 2 3 4 5
x(n) = { 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1} y(n) = { 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 …}

@n=0 @n=3
y(0) = 0, x(n) = 1 y(3) = 3, x(3) = 1
y(3) =y(2) + x(3) = 2 + 1 = 3
@n=1
y(1) = 1, x(1) = 1 @ n =4
y(4) = 4, x(3) = 1
@ n =2 y(4) =y(3) + x(4) = 3 + 1 = 4
y(2) = 2, x(2) = 1
y(2) =y(1) + x(2) = 1 + 1 = 2
 Discrete Time System
 Accumulator

x(n) x(n) y(n)

T y (n)

Accumulator

1 2 3 4 5 n 1 2 3 4 5
x(n) = { 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1} y(n) = { 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 …}

x(n) y(n)
n 1
y n   x k   x n y  1  1

y(n-1) TD k 

y  n   y  n  1  x  n  y  1  1
 Discrete Time System
 Accumulator

y(n) = y(n-1) + x(n)

1 2 3 4 5
TD
x(n) = { 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 …} y(-1) = 1
@n=0 @n=3
y(0) =y(-1) + x(0) = 1 + 0 = 1 y(3) =y(2) + x(3) = 4 + 3 = 7
@n=1 @n=4
y(1) =y(0) + x(1) = 1 + 1 = 2 y(4) =y(3) + x(4) = 7 + 4 = 11
@n=2 @n=5
y(2) =y(1) + x(2) = 2 + 2 = 4 y(5) =y(4) + x(5) = 11 + 5 = 16
Discrete Time System
 Accumulator
y(n) = y(n-1) + x(n)

x(n) = { 0 1 2 3 4 5 } y(n) = { 1 2 4 7 11 16}

TD
y(-1) = 1