INTRODUCTION TO

MODELLING
MODELLING

▪ Compromise between model accuracy and

complexity.
▪ Cost and effort required to develop the
model and verify it.
▪ Both an art and science.

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FUNDAMENTAL MODELLING
PROCEDURE
1. Define goals
2. Prepare information
3. Formulate model
4. Determine solution
5. Analyze result
6. Validate model
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MATHEMATICAL MODELLING
Translation of beliefs into the language of
mathematics.
“ OBJECTIVES
1. Developing scientific
understanding
2. Test the effect of changes in a
system
3. Aid decision making

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EXAMPLE
▪ Goal: Determine the dynamic
response of a CSTR to a step in the
inlet concentration. Also, the reactant
concentration should never go above
0.85mole/m3. If an alarm sounds
when the concentration reaches
0.83mole/m3, would a person have
enough time to respond? What would
a correct response be?

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▪ Information: The process is the same as shown in Figure, and therefore, the
system is the liquid in the tank. The important variable is the reactant concentration
in the reactor.
▪ Assumptions: The same as for the stirred-tank mixer.
▪ Data: The flow, volume, and inlet concentrations (before and after the step) are the
same as for the stirred-tank mixer.
1. F= 0.085 m3/min; V=2.1 m3; (CA0)init = 0.925 mole/m3; ACAo=0.925 mole/m3
2. The chemical reaction is first-order, rA = -kCA with k = 0.040 min.
3. The heat of reaction is negligible, and no heat is transferred to the surroundings.
▪ Formulation: The overall material balance again yields F0 = Fi = F.
▪ Results analysis

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MODELLING OF CONTROL PURPOSES

Control systems are used to satisfy three basic

needs of every process:
1. Reduce the influence of external disturbances
2. Promote the stability of the process
3. Enhance the performance of the process

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SEVEN MAJOR CATEGORIES
OF CONTROL OBJECTIVES

▪ Safety
▪ Environmental Protection
▪ Equipment Protection
▪ Smooth Operation and Production
Rate
▪ Product Quality
▪ Profit
▪ Monitoring and Diagnosis
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STEP-BY-STEP METHOD FOR DESCRIBING
CONTROLS AND THEIR PURPOSE
• Describe the Process
• Identify Process Objectives and
Constraints
• Identify Significant
Disturbances
• Determine Type and Location
of Sensors
• Determine the Location of
Control Valves
• Perform a Degree of Freedom
Analysis
• Energy Management
• Control Process Production
Rate and Other Operating
Parameters
• Handle Disturbances and
Process Constraints
• Monitor Component
Balances
• Control Individual Unit
Operations
• Optimize the Process
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Is a method for
assessing local
stability of an
equilibrium point of a
system of nonlinear
LINEARIZATION
differential equations
or discrete dynamical
systems.

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A linearized model can be developed by
approximating each nonlinear term with its linear
approximation. A nonlinear term can be
approximated by a Taylor series expansion to the nth
order about a point if derivatives up to nth order exist
at the point.

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 Linearization can be performed via special
software. One well-known software system for
analytical calculations is MapleTM. Whether the
models are linearized by hand or using software, we
should always thoroughly understand the effects of
design and operating variables on the gains, time
constant and dead time.

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HOW TO LINEARIZE?

1. Put the deviations into differential

equation
2. Set deviations to zero, find the
operating point equilibrium
3. First-order Taylor series
expansion for nonlinear terms
4. Result: Linear differential
equation for small deviations
about operating point
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Dale E. Seborg joined
Stone and Webster
Engineering in Boston,
MA in 1985 where he
supported plant designs
with advanced control
and optimization.

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THOMAS MARLIN joined Stone and
Webster Engineering in Boston, MA in 1985
where he supported plant designs with
advanced control and optimization.

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This picture represents
a Globe valve which is
a linear motion valve
primarily designed to
stop, start and regulate
flow.

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The picture represents a BUTTERFLY
VALVE which is a linear motion valve
primarily designed to stop, start and
regulate flow.

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A continuous stirred tank reactor
(CSTR) is a batch reactor equipped
with an impeller or other mixing
device to provide efficient mixing.

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Tom Marlin, alongside with Dale E.
Seborg and Thomas F. Edgar are
the authors of “Process Dynamics
and Control”.

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DUNCAN A. MELLICHAMP, alongside with
Dale E. Seborg and Thomas F. Edgar are
the authors of “Process Dynamics and
Control”.

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Represented in the
picture is a centrifugal
pump (a mechanical
device designed to
move a fluid by means
of the transfer of
rotational energy from
one or more driven
rotors, called impellers).
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REFERENCES
Marlin (1995), Process Control, McGraw-Hill
Seborg et al. (2004), Process Dynamics and Control, Wiley
Woolf, Peter, Chemical Process Dynamics and Controls,
Independent Publisher, 2009

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PREPARED BY:
GROUP 4
Asugui, Wynna Mae R.
THANK YOU!
Bagui, Grizelle Anne J.
Contreras, Veronica Mae T.
Gabyano, Blessy A.

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