MISCELLANEOUS MATERIALS

AND TREATMENTS

Ar. C.N.Vaishnavi
Ar. M.Padma

Credits : Ar.C.Sruthi reddy

FIRE RESISTANT
• No building material is perfectly fire proof
• Fire safety may be deemed to cover the following aspects:
o Fire prevention and reduction of number of outbreaks of fire
o Spread of fire, both internally and externally
o Safe exit of any and all occupants
o Fire extinguishing apparatus.
• Properties of Fire Resisting Materials:
o Material should not disintegrate under the effect of great heat.
o Expansion of the material due to heat should not be such that it leads to
instability of the structure
o Contraction of the material due to sudden cooling should not be rapid.
o The material should not catch fire easily
o It should not lose its strength when subjected to fire.
TYPES OF BUILDING MATERIALS
Non-combustible materials Combustible materials
Materials do not contribute to the growth
or spread of fire, but are damaged and Materials that result lot of heat and giving
decomposed when high temperatures are rise to flame or glow.
reached.
Examples: stones and bricks, concrete, clay Examples: wood and wood products,
products, metal, glass etc. fibreboard, straw board etc.
A building may be made more fire resistant by:
1. Using suitable materials.
2. Taking precautions in building construction
3. By providing fire alarm systems and fire extinguishers.
FIRE RETARDANT MATERIALS
• Rock wool
• Gypsum boards
• Asbestos cement
• Perlite boards
• Calcium silicate boards
• Treated lumber plywood
• Treated vegetable fibre
• Fire-retardant treated wood
• Brick
• Concrete
• Glass
Fire resisting characteristics of some of the commonly
used building materials:
Brick:
• Bricks can resist heat up to 1200°C.
• At the time of construction, if good quality mortar
is used, fire resistance is extremely good.
Asbestos cement:
• Formed by combining fibrous asbestos with
Portland cement.
• Has low coefficient of expansion and has property
of incombustibility.
• Asbestos cement products are largely used for
construction of fire-resistant partition walls, roofs,
etc.
• It is also used as protective covering to other
structural members.
Concrete:
• Concrete has got very good fire resistance.
• Larger the concrete cover, better is the fire resistance
of the member.
• There is no loss in strength in concrete when it is
heated up to 250°C.
• Normally reinforced concrete structures can resist
fire for hours at a temperature of 1000°C.
Glass
• Glass is poor conductor of heat, and its thermal
expansion is also less.
• Cracks can be minimized if glass is reinforced
• Reinforced glass is more fire resistant
• Reinforced glass has higher melting point.
• Commonly used for fire-resisting doors, windows,
done skylights, etc.
Aluminium
• Very good conductor of heat.
• Its use should be restricted to only those structures
which have very fire risks.
Rockwool
Insulation is made from naturally fire resistant stone
mineral wool.
Tolerates temperatures of up to 1000°C and does not
burn.
Gypsum board
• Gypsum board is often called drywall, wallboard, or
plasterboard.
• Excellent fire resistive material.
• Most commonly used for interior finish
• Gypsum board can be applied over wood or metal
framing or applied to masonry and concrete surfaces
directly.

TYPES OF CONSTRUCTION :
1. Fireproof construction
2. Noncombustible construction
3. Exterior protected construction
4. Wood construction
TYPE 1. FIREPROOF CONSTRUCTION (Fire Resistive Construction)
 Construction of buildings that resist fire damage and prevent the spread of
fire.
 Fireproof building containing only no burning components, Such as steel,
terra-cotta, plaster, and concrete
 Fire-resistance requirements can range from 3 to 4 hour.
 Buildings may be used as high-rise office buildings, shopping centers, or
residential units.
 For buildings 15 m in height or above.

TYPE 2. NONCOMBUSTIBLE CONSTRUCTION

 Construction using masonry materials, Brick or concrete, on the outside walls
of the structure,
 And noncombustible materials for the roof and floor.
 For buildings 15 m in height or above
 Fire-resistance requirements can range from 2to 3 hour.
 Construction using masonry materials, Brick or concrete, on the outside walls
of the structure, And noncombustible materials for the roof and floor.
 Buildings may be used as office buildings.
TYPE 3. EXTERIOR PROTECTED CONSTRUCTION (Ordinary Building)

 Construction in which all structural elements of exterior walls are of non-

combustible materials
 Buildings may be retail stores, mixed occupancy, dwellings, and apartment
buildings.
 Only the exterior load-bearing walls shall be noncombustible or limited
combustible, and shall have as a minimum a 1-hour rating.

TYPE 4. WOOD CONSTRUCTION

 The construction in which the exterior wall or bearing wall, roof and floor
wholly or partially of wood
 Structural members are entirely or partially made from wood or other
approved combustible material.
 Fire-resistance requirements for all elements can range from 0 to 1 hour.
ACOUSTICAL TREATMENT
The study of acoustics revolves around the generation, propagation and
reception of mechanical waves and vibrations.

TYPES OF MATERIALS
• Sound absorbers
o Used to eliminate sound reflections to improve speech intelligibility,
reduce standing waves and prevent comb filtering.
o Typical materials- polyurethane foam, cellular melamine, fiberglass,
fluffy fabrics and other porous materials.
o These materials vary in thickness and in shape to achieve different
absorption ratings depending on the specific sound requirements.
• Sound diffusers
• Noise barriers
• Sound reflectors
TYPES
• Acoustical foam panels
• White paintable acoustical wall panels
• Fabric wrapped panels
• Acoustical wall coverings
• Ceiling tiles
• Baffles and banners for ceiling
• Fibre glass blankets and roll
Acoustical foam panels
• Used in a wide variety of applications ranging from Recording and Broadcast
Studios to Commercial and Industrial Facilities.
• Available in Polyurethane or in a Class 1 Fire Rated foam.
• These products can be applied directly to walls, hung as baffles or used as
freestanding absorbers.
White paintable panels
• Panel with a soft textured appearance.
• Flexible to mount acoustical panels around existing objects.
• In addition to reducing echo and reverberation, these acoustical panels are
used to create unique designs and patterns.
o Quick & Easy acoustical solution
o Panel size allows for flexible mounting options
o Paintable & Printable finish
Fabric wrapped panels
Available as wall panels, ceiling tiles, hanging baffles, acoustical
clouds and bass traps
 Wall panels
• Used to reduce echo and reverberation in applications, small
and large.
• Manufactured from a rigid high density glass fiber acoustical
board and covered with an acoustically transparent fabric.
 Ceiling clouds
• Used to reduce reflected sound in areas such as theaters,
restaurants, arenas, shopping malls, convention centers,
recording and broadcast rooms, or anywhere absorption is
required.
 Ceiling baffles
• Absorb sound on all sides and edges.
 Ceiling Tiles
• Excellent choice for many ceiling grid applications requiring
high absorption.
 Broadband absorber
• Sculptured sound absorbing modular units used for walls, as
corner traps, bass traps and ceiling applications.
• Available in half-rounds or quarter-rounds.
Wall coverings
• Acoustical wall fabric - offers excellent acoustical properties, unmatched fade
resistance, and a fire/smoke retardant class A rating.
• Sound channels is resistant to moisture, mildew, rot, bacteria, and is non-
allergenic.
• Produced with no voc’s (volatile organic compounds), ods’s (ozone depleting
substances), heavy metals or formaldehyde, it's the perfect acoustic fabric for
offices, classrooms, conference centers or any area where speech intelligibility is
a critical factor.
Features: Applications:
•Lightweight Acoustic Fabric •Conference Rooms
•Easy to install •Theaters
•Class A •Hospitals
•Available in Many Colors •Municipal
•Durable •Office Partitions
•Improves Speech Intelligibility •Schools
•Hallways, etc.
Ceiling tiles
• Absorb noise and block sound transmission.
• Designed to fit into 2' x 2' suspended drop tile ceiling grid
systems.
• Available in five different patterns plus a non-patterned
look to enable you to "mix and match" for your own
designs.
• Available sizes- 24”X24”
Baffles and banners
• Designed to solve acoustical problems
economically in any large cubic volume space
such as arenas, gymnasiums, theaters,
restaurants, and auditoriums.
• Speech intelligibility is greatly improved and
sound intensity levels are reduced
simultaneously by 3 to 12 decibels.
SOUND DIFFUSERS
• Reduce the intensity of sound by scattering it over an expanded area, rather
than eliminating the sound reflections as an absorber would.
 Quadra pyramid diffuser
o This diffuser generates a uniform polar response over a broad frequency
range using a pre-rotated pyramidal pattern to create 16 angles of reflection.
 Pyramidal diffuser
o This disperses sound uniformly over a broad frequency range.
o A quick solution to reduce flutter echo.
 Double duty diffuser
o These Polycylindrical Diffusers do twice the work.
o They scatter sound and function as a bass trap.
 Quadratic diffuser
A true quadratic residue diffuser designed for uniform broadband scattering
NOISE BARRIERS
• These materials range from dense materials to block the
transmission of airborne sound to devices and compounds
used to isolate structures from one another and reduce
impact noise.
FABRICS
• Acoustical fabrics are typically used to either absorb sound
or as a cover for acoustical panels.
• Some fabrics can also be used as a speaker grill cloth or as a
finish on other types of materials.
 GLASS MINERAL WOOL
• Made from sand and recycled glass,
limestone and soda ash.
• A resin is used to bind the wool
together to form a mat of material.
Characteristics:
• Long strands, giving good tear
strength
• Suitable for temperatures up to 230°c
• Non-combustible
• Lightweight
• Available in rolls and slabs
• Low to very low environmental
impact
• Ability to be compression packed
• Good acoustic absorber
Uses:
• Loft insulation
• Cavity wall insulation (built in and
injected)
• Sound insulation (absorption) within
partitions and floors
ROCK MINERAL WOOL
• Made from volcanic rock, typically
basalt and/or dolomite.
• A resin is used to bind the wool
together to form a mat.
Characteristics:
• High compressive strength
•Suitable for temperatures up to 850°c
• Non-combustible
• Denser than glass mineral wool
•Available in slabs, rolls and
mattresses
Uses:
• Thermal insulation of flat roofs
• Fire protection of structural steel,
including smoke and fire barriers
• Sound insulation for floors and walls
 FOAMED PLASTICS
• Extruded polystyrene (xps)- made by mixing polystyrene pellets with various
ingredients to liquify them.
• A blowing agent is then injected into the mixture, to form gas bubbles.
• The foaming liquid is then forced through a shaping die.
• When cooled, it produces a closed cell foam that is rigid and moisture resistant.

Characteristics:
• Lightweight
• High compressive strength
• 100% recyclable
• Excellent water resistance
• Suitable for temperatures up to 70°c
• Excellent freeze thaw performance
• Available in large board sizes
• East to cut shape and form
Uses:
• Ground floors
• Flat roofs
• Heavy duty floor insulation
• Panels and other fabrication applications