Scientific Revolution 3

Enlightenment and Revolution Section 1
ScienTIFIC REVOLUTION
 a series of events that marked the emergence of

modern science during the early modern period,
when developments in mathematics, physics,
astronomy, biology (including human anatomy)
and chemistry transformed the views of society
about nature.
 started in 1543 during the Renaissance Period in
Europe
Science vs. the Church
 Prior to Scientific
Revolution, the Catholic
Church was the authority
for society.
 Publication of new
scientific books challenged
the Bible and Church
teachings.
 The Church’s political,
social, and economic
authority were brought into
question
Main Idea
New ways of thinking led to remarkable
discoveries during the Scientific Revolution.
Dawn of Modern Science
Some Middle Ages scholars sought answers about the natural world from
the church. In the mid-1500s, others began to think in new ways.
The Old View New Viewpoints
• Scholars relied on traditional • Scholars began to challenge
authorities for beliefs about traditional authorities, 1500s
structure of universe
• Scientific Revolution, new way
• Geocentric theory, Aristotle of thinking
– Earth center of universe • Posed theories, developed
– Sun, moon, planets revolved procedures to test ideas
around sun
• Why open to new ideas?
• Ideas upheld by church, accepted
– Exploration
authority for European intellectuals
– New lands, new people, new
animals
Dawn of Modern Science

Ancient scholars could provide no information about
new lands, people, animals
• Age of Exploration led scientists to study natural world
more closely
• Other things to be discovered, things unknown to
ancients
• Navigators needed more accurate instruments,
geographic knowledge
• Scientists examined natural world, found it did not
match ancient beliefs
The Scientific Method

New Approach to Investigation Scientific Method Scholars
• Scientific Method • Francis Bacon,

experimentation to gain
• Identify problem scientific knowledge
• Form hypothesis • Rene Descartes, reason key
• Perform experiments to test • Believed everything should be
hypothesis doubted until proved by reason
• Record results • Relied on math, logic
• Analyze results, form • Ideas of both continue to

influence modern scientific
conclusion
methods
Question:
What was the Scientific Revolution?
Answer(s): a new way of thinking about the

natural world that challenged traditional views and
instead relied upon experimentation
Discoveries in Astronomy, Physics, and Math

Early scientists
• Made significant contributions in astronomy, physics and math
• Began to explain complexities of solar system, limits of physical world
• Nicolaus Copernicus, Polish astronomer, among first
Copernicus
• Found geocentric theory of movement of sun, moon, planets not accurate
• Concluded sun, not earth, near center of solar system
• Heliocentric theory, earth revolves around sun
Copernicus’ theory
• Idea of earth orbiting sun was not completely new
• Copernicus developed detailed mathematical explanation of process
• Was first scientist to create complete model of solar system
On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres

• Copernicus’ famous book not published until last year of his life
• Knew church would oppose work
• Work contradicted teachings of church
Weaknesses of theory
• Mathematical formulas did not predict positions of planets well
• Copernicus did not want to be ridiculed for weaknesses
• Died 1543 after work published, other scientists expanded on ideas
Brahe and Kepler

Brahe, Danish Astronomer
• Wrote book proving bright object over Denmark sky was newly visible
star
• Called it supernova, distant exploding star suddenly visible on earth
• Book impressed Denmark’s King Frederick II
• Gave Brahe money to build two observatories
Observations Kepler, German
• Brahe used observatories - Mathematician
developed system to explain
• Hired as Brahe’s assistant to form
planetary movement
mathematical theory from
• Believed sun revolved around earth measurements of planets
• Other five known planets revolved • Published result of measurements of
around sun orbit of Mars after Brahe’s death
Kepler’s Solution
Kepler solved main problem of Copernican
theory
• Copernicus assumed planets orbited in circle
• Kepler found assumption untrue - proved planets
orbited in oval pattern, ellipse
• Wanted to prove Copernicus wrong, instead
proved heliocentric theory correct
• Kepler’s mathematical solar system model also
correct
Discoveries in Astronomy, Physics, and Math

More support Starry Messenger
• Italian scientist Galileo Galilei • Galileo described discoveries
• Built first telescope used for
• Craters on moon, sunspots
astronomy
• Scanned heavens beginning in • Saturn, moons of Jupiter
1609 • Milky Way made up of stars
Change in science world Principia

• Isaac Newton, English scientist • Book explained law of universal
gravitation
• Brought together astronomy,
• Gravity affects objects on earth,
physics, math
also in universe
• Wondered about gravity • Keeps planets in orbit
Newton’s Findings
Newton developed calculus, new

kind of math
• Used calculus to predict effects of
gravity
• German philosopher Gottfried von
Leibniz also developed calculus at
same time
• Each accused the other of plagiarism
• Historians believe it was simple case
of independent discovery
Question:
How did Copernicus and Brahe differ in their
views of the universe?
Answer(s): Copernicus—all planets orbit the sun;

Brahe—sun orbits Earth, other planets orbit sun
Discoveries in Biology and Chemistry

Just as astronomers moved away from the works of ancient Greeks, other
scientists used the scientific method to acquire new knowledge and make
great discoveries in the fields of Biology and Chemistry.
Biology Vesalius William Harvey
• European Middle Ages • Used bodies of • English physician,
doctors relied on executed criminals for early 1600s
Greek, Galen dissection • Observed, explained
• Galen’s works • Hired artists to workings of human
inaccurate produce accurate heart
• Flemish doctor drawings • Described blood,
Andreas Vesalius • On the Workings of circulatory system
became known for functions
the Human Body,
work in anatomy
1543
Antony van Leeuwenhoek

• Dutch scientist, 1600s
• Used interest in developing magnifying lens to invent microscope
• First to describe appearance of bacteria, red blood cells, yeast, other
microorganisms
Robert Hooke
• English physician, inventor
• Used early microscope to describe appearance of plants at microscopic
level
• Credited with creating the term cell
Chemistry
Robert Boyle Antoine-Laurent Lavoisier
• Father of modern chemistry • French chemist, 1700s
• First to define element • Developed methods for precise
measurements
• Discovered law of Conservation of
• The Sceptical Chemist, 1661,
Mass, proved matter could not be
described matter as cluster of tiny
created, destroyed
particles (now called atoms)
• Changes in matter occurred when
clusters rearranged • Recognized, named oxygen,
introduced metric system,
• Boyle’s law - temperature,
invented first periodic table
volume, pressure affect gases
Question:
What were the major contributions made in
biology and chemistry?
Answer(s): importance of anatomy and

dissection; function of blood and circulatory
system; invention of microscope; discovery of
certain laws of matter
Science and Society

As science assumed greater significance, the question of the role of the
Roman Catholic Church in a changing culture became important. While the
church opposed the views of many scientists, it benefited from new
discoveries that made Renaissance art and architecture possible.
Science and the Church Conflicts

• Church most powerful institution in • Most scientists did not want to
Europe, Middle Ages challenge role of Christianity
• Primary resource for knowledge, • Church explained world through
learning inspiration, revealed truth
• Cathedral schools, universities • Science explained world through
trained people to run the church logical reasoning
The church feared reason as an enemy of faith, but eventually began to

embrace some of the achievements of the Scientific Revolution.
Science and Art

Renaissance Artists
• Study of art, architecture not • Experimented with chemistry of
separate from study of science paints, nature of light
• Artists learned anatomy in order • Used math to create compositions
to paint the body of perfect balance
Architecture Science and religion

• Mathematics, physics crucial to • Combined to produce great
great architecture artistic achievements of
Renaissance
• Also used in engineering
achievements of the time • Most art, architecture dedicated to
glory of God
Science and Community

Scientific Revolution established new way of
thinking about physical world
• Great advances made in astronomy, physics,
biology, chemistry
• Advances influenced developments in arts,
architecture
• Impact of Scientific Revolution soon would cause
philosophers, scholars to wonder if reason could
solve poverty, war, ignorance

Scientific Revolution 3

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Enlightenment and Revolution Section 1

 a series of events that marked the emergence of

Dawn of Modern Science

The Scientific Method

• Scientific Method • Francis Bacon,

• Record results • Relied on math, logic

• Analyze results, form • Ideas of both continue to

Answer(s): a new way of thinking about the

Discoveries in Astronomy, Physics, and Math

On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres

Brahe and Kepler

Discoveries in Astronomy, Physics, and Math

Change in science world Principia

Newton developed calculus, new

Answer(s): Copernicus—all planets orbit the sun;

Discoveries in Biology and Chemistry

Antony van Leeuwenhoek

Answer(s): importance of anatomy and

Science and Society

Science and the Church Conflicts

The church feared reason as an enemy of faith, but eventually began to

Science and Art

Architecture Science and religion

Science and Community

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