Snails have

14000
teeth and
can kill you
 You might be surprised to learn that there
is more to plants than meets the eye. While
they seem to just stand there and not do
much, plants can actually communicate
with one another in some truly amazing
ways. There is some evidence suggesting
that plants can release distress signals
warning other trees to have their guard up
about threats. Talk about teamwork!
Ariel Atom V8 500 has
one of the highest
revving engines of all
time. It has a redline of
10,500rpm
 You fart after you die. Any
gasses being held inside by
clenched muscles get released.
Gases also build up from
bacteria and decomposition,
so there's more where that came
from.
Mako shark is the fastest
shark in the world.
capable of bursts of speed
up to 18.8 metres per
second.
The bark of the
redwood tree is
fireproof
The Titanic had four funnels, however only three
of them were functional. The fourth funnel was
for ventilation only, and was added for aesthetic
reasons, to make the ship look more powerful
and majestic. The funnels extended high above
the deck, in order to ensure that passengers
were not covered in the soot being ejected.
Mosquitoes like the scent of
estrogen, hence, women get
bitten by mosquitoes more
often than men do.
 SAMPLING
PROCEDURE
 Basic Concept:
Sampling means choosing from a
large population the respondents or
subjects to answer your research
questions. The entire population is
involved but for your research study,
you choose only a part of the whole.
 Factors
Affecting Sample
Selection
Sample Size
 Some researchers base their decision
on their own experience and on
research studies they have already
read. But the best way to guide you in
determining the right sample size is the
representativeness of the sample with
respect to the population.
The representativeness or accuracy of
a sample size is really hard to
determine. However, using the right
sampling technique such as a
randomized one, your chances of
getting a sample reflecting 95%
distribution of the population or of a
sample representing the whole
population is highly probable.
This acceptable level of probability of
the representativeness of the sample
is called confidence level or 0.05
level. This theory of probability is
true only for randomly selected
respondents, not for any non-
probability type of sampling.
Sampling
Technique
 Sampling techniques fall under
two categories: probability
sampling and non-probability
sampling. The first one uses a
random selection; the second, a
purposive or controlled selection.
Heterogeneity
of Population
 is composed of individuals with varied
abilities, heterogeneity is a sampling
technique that will widely spread the
choosing of a large sample among all
members of the population is necessary
while homogeneous is lots of uniformity in
abilities exist among population members, a
sample of one will do.
Statistical
Techniques
The accuracy of the sample depends also on
how precise or accurate your methods are in
calculating the numbers used in measuring
the chosen samples or in giving a certain
value to each of them. Any error in your use
of any statistical method or computing
numbers representing the selected subjects
will turn in unfounded results.
Time and Cost
 Choosing samples makes you deal with one big
whole population, with each member of this
large group needing your attention, time and
effort, let alone the amount of money you will
fork out for the materials you will need in making
the sampling frame. Hence, considering all these
things, your sample selection makes you spend
some of your time deliberating or mulling over
several factors affecting or influencing your
sample selection.
Sampling
Methods
Probability Sampling
This is a sampling
method that makes you
base your selection of
respondents on pure
chance
a. Simple-random sampling
choosing of respondents based on pure
chance

b. Systematic sampling
picking out from the list every 5th or every
8th member listed in the sampling frame
until the completion of the desired total
number of respondents
c. Stratified sampling
choosing a sample that will later on be
subdivided into strata, sub-groups, or
sub-samples during the stage of the data
analysis
d. Cluster sampling
selecting respondents in clusters, rather
than in separate individuals such as
choosing 5 classes of 40 students each
from a whole population of 5,000
students
Non-probability Sampling
The sampling techniques
included in this category are
not chosen randomly, but
purposefully.
a. Quota sampling – choosing specific samples
that you know correspond to the population in
terms of one, two, or more characteristics
b. Voluntary sampling – selecting people who
are very much willing to participate as
respondents in the research project
c. Purposive sampling – choosing respondents
whom you have judged as people with good
background knowledge or with great
enthusiasm about the research
d. Availability sampling – picking out people
who are easy to find or locate and willing to
establish contact with you
e. Snowball sampling – selecting samples
from several alternative samples like drug
dependents, human traffickers, street
children, and other wayward and homeless
people whose dwelling places are not easily
located for they are like nomads moving from
place to place
 Random
Sampling vis-à-
vis Statistical
Methods
1. Decide on the size of the
sample.
2. Divide the sample into sub-sets
or sub-samples, with the sub-
samples having the same
aggregate number as that of the
sample they came from.
3. Select the appropriate sub-
sample randomly from each
sub-group or stratum.
4. Put together the sub-
sample results to get the total
number of the overall sample.
 Advantages and
disadvantages of
five basic sampling
techniques
Sampling advantage disadvantage
technique

Random The most Unavailable list of

accurate the entire
Sampling theoretically; population
influenced only sometimes or
by chance prevention of
random sampling
by practical
considerations
 Sampling advantage disadvantage
technique

Stratified sampling Assures a large Can be biased if

sample to strata are given
subdivide on false weights,
important unless the
variables; needed weighting
when population is procedure is used
too large to list; for overall analysis
can be combined
with other
techniques
 Sampling advantage disadvantage
technique

Systematic Similar to Sometimes

sampling random permits bias
sampling;
often easier
than random
sampling
 Sampling advantage disadvantage
technique

Cluster Easy to Prone to

sampling collect bias
data on when the
the number is
subject small
 Sampling advantage disadvantage
technique

Quota Available Presence of

sampling when bias not
random controlled
sampling is by the
impossible; quota
quick to do system