The Circulatory System

SCIENCE 4
Mr. BABBIE A. LORIO
Journey into a Man’s
Heart
What makes your HEART beats
fast?
 The Cardiovascular System
• Is responsible for the transport of the
blood.
• It is composed of three main parts:
–A. The Heart (the pumping organ)
–B. Blood vessels (the pathway)
–C. Circulating fluids (blood and lymph)
 The Heart

• Since Conception until the

death of organism, the
heart never stops pumping,
that is why it is the most
hardworking organ of the
body.
 The Heart

• Almost all animals have

hearts.
• They only differ on the
number of chambers of the
heart.
 Some of the examples are:
• Grasshopper- one-chambered heart
• Fish- two-chambered heart, one atrium, and
one ventricle
• Frog- three-chambers, one ventricle, and two
atria
• Reptile- three-chambers
• Bird- four chambers, two atria and two
ventricles, left and right completely separated
by a wall.
 Some of the examples are: (con.
• Human- four-chambers
• Human heart is a hollow,
muscular organ shaped like a
cone.
• It pumps two gallons of blood
every seven seconds through the
circulatory system which is about
a mile or 1 ½ kilometers long.
• It keeps pumping blood even if the body
is asleep throughout our lifetime.
• Inside are the four chambers or open
spaces.
• Atria(atrium)- upper chambers, receives
blood
• Ventricles-lower chamber, pump blood
• Inferior vena cava(lower part)- where
deoxygenated blood enters
• Superior vena cava(upper part)- to
the
• Right auricle or atrium then passes
through the tricuspid valve and goes
to the right ventricle.
• When it is full, the tricuspid valve
closes to prevent the blood from
flowing back to atrium when the
ventricle contracts.
• The contraction of the right ventricle
pumps the blood through pulmonic
valve into the pulmonary artery to
the lungs.
• Here the blood travels the capillary
vessel in lungs.
• The oxygen travels from the tiny air
sacks in the lungs through the walls of
capillary to the blood, at the same time
the carbon dioxide, a product of
metabolism, passes from blood to the
air sacs.
• Systemic circulation is the
when the oxygen goes into
air sacs when inhaling and
CO2 leaves the air sacs
when exhaling.
• The oxygenated blood goes back to the
left atrium through the pulmonary
veins.
• Then it is poured down to the left
ventricle where it is pumped out of the
heart through the aortic valve, the
aorta, and to all parts of the body.
• The pattern is repeated causing blood
to flow from the heart, lungs, and
body.
 The backflows are prevented by the
following valves:
1. Tricuspid valve- between right
atrium(auricle) and right ventricle.
2. Bicuspid or mitral valve-
between left atrium and left
ventricle
3. Semilunar valve- separates
pulmonary artery and aorta.
• The right and left chambers
of the heart function
separately.
• They are separated by a
wall called septum.
 The Blood Vessels

• Consists of the arteries, veins,

and capillaries.
• Veins and arteries- walls are
much thicker than capillaries.
 The Blood Vessels

• Arterioles- smaller arteries

• Venules- smaller veins.
• Aorta – biggest artery
• Superior vena cava & inferior
vena cava- biggest veins
 The Blood (RBC)
• Hemoglobin – found in RBC, form
about two thirds of the total mass of
blood proteins.
• One third is found in plasma.
• Oxygenated blood is bright red in
color
• Deoxygenated blood is dark red
• They are shaped as biconcave.
 The Blood (RBC)

• They are produced in the red marrow of flat

bones. (i.e. ribs) and long bones(i.e. thigh
bones)
• They live for about 120 days,staying in the
blood stream for about 10 to 30 days.
• They are destroyed in the spleen.
• Removed iron in the liver
• Returned to bone marrow to be reused.
 The White Blood Cells(WBC)
• Are produced in bone marrow.
• Larger than RBC.
• 1 ml of healthy human blood contains 5000 to
10 000 WBC.
• For every 100 WBC, there are: 70 neutrophils
• 3 eosinophils, 1 basophil, 22 lymphocytes, and
4 monocytes
 The White Blood Cells(WBC)
• Lymphocytes are produced in lymph
nodes.
• Produce antibodies, proteins that act
against foreign material that enter
the body.
• Neutrophils engulf bacteria, injured
or dead tissue cells, etc.
 Antibodies react to their antigens in
different ways
• Opsonins affect bacteria in a way that
they are easily engulfed by WBC.
• Lysins- dissolve the walls of bacterial
cell
• Agglutinins- cause antigens to clump
• Precipitins- cause antigens dissolved in
the blood to be insoluble and
precipitate out of the solution.
 Blood Platelets
• Are smallest component of our blood.
• Seem to have no function as they circulate.
• Activated when in contact with damaged
blood vessel.
• They are not cells due to absence of nuclei.
• Life span is 3 to 5 days.
• There are 250 000 platelets in one mL of
blood
 Blood typing
• Originated from the discovery of two
antigens and two antibodies by Karl
Landsteiner
• A,B, AB and O blood type.
• Difference is the presence of
antigens (agglutinogens) in RBC and
antibodies(agglutinin) in blood
serum.
 Blood typing

• Two agglutinogens: A and B

• Two agglutinins: anti- A against A
and anti- B against B.
• Agglutination- is the clumping of
the RBC that will clog the
capillaries and result to death.
 How much blood should a person
carry?
• Estimated 1/11th of a person’s body
weight.
• 2 important reasons why we should
maintain the amount:
• 1. It is necessary in maintaining the
amount of tissue fluid
• 2. It is necessary in maintaining the
normal blood pressure
 Blood Pressure
• Blood pressure forces the blood to
arteries, veins, and capillaries.
• The pumping of the heart is not
enough to produce a continuous
flow.
• The blood pressure in the arteries
should be high enough to let the
blood flow through the capillaries.
 Blood Pressure

• Increasing the amount of blood

output from the heart(faster
beating of giving off more blood
per beat) tend to raise the blood
pressure, while a decrease lowers
it.
 Blood Pressure
• Just like when watering your plants using
a hose, tightening ang loosening the
nozzle.
• Systolic pressure- The high pressure
when the heart ejects blood. (systole-
contraction)
• Diastolic pressure- lower pressure when
starts to fill up. (diastole-relaxation)
 Blood Pressure
• Normal BP for a person 25 years or
over is the pulse pressure.
• High BP or hypertension (over
140/90) is persistent, it may cause
risk or stroke, congestive heart
failure, kidney damage, and probably
heart attacks.
 Blood Pressure

• Hypotension- BP goes down, it

may cause dizziness, nausea, and
fainting.
• Cause of it may be a decrease in
the thyroid and pituitary gland
functions.
 Tissue Fluid, Lymph, and Lymph
Vessels
• Tissue fluid is composed of water
and dissolved substances such as
oxygen, amino acids, simple
sugars, and nutrients that passes
through the walls of the
capillaries as blood passes
through it.
 Tissue Fluid, Lymph, and Lymph
Vessels
• The tissue fluid is more concentrated
than the fluid inside the cell.
• The tissue fluid with oxygen diffuses into
cells because of the difference in
concentration.
• Waste materials with CO2 diffuse out of
the cell into tissue fluid and into the
blood.
 Tissue Fluid, Lymph, and Lymph
Vessels

• Lymph vessels are composed

of fine lymph
vessels(capillaries) and large
lymph vessels (veins)
• Lymph-fluid inside these
vessels
 Tissue Fluid, Lymph, and Lymph
Vessels
• Along the lymphatic vessels are
enlargements called lymph
nodes.
• Lymph nodes- where bacteria
and other foreign materials are
removed, engulfed by WBC
present.
 Tissue Fluid, Lymph, and Lymph
Vessels
• More lymph nodes are located at
the armpits, neck region, and the
groins.
• When there is infection, these
nodes swell or inflame and we
can feel the pain because of
bacteria being filtered in it.
 Tissue Fluid, Lymph, and Lymph
Vessels
• Lymphocytes are specialized
WBC that identify and destroy
invading bacteria and viruses.
Functions of the Circulatory System
• 1. Distributes nutrients and oxygen
throughout the body.
• 2. Collects CO2 and nitrogenous wastes to be
expelled from the body.
• 3. Transport hormones
• 4. Defends the body by producing antibodies
and phagocytosis of foreign bodies by the
leucocytes or white blood cells.