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PULSE GERMINATION

CHARAN SINGH

Ph.D. Scholar
Introduction

 Seed germination is defined as the sum of events that begin with


hydration of the seed and culminate in emergence of the
embryonic axis (usually the radicle) from the seed coat.

 Germination is emergence of normal seedlings from the seeds


under ideal conditions of light, temperature, moisture, oxygen and
nutrients.

 Germination is emergence of normal seedlings from the seeds


under ideal conditions of light, temperature, moisture, oxygen and
nutrients.
FACTORS AFFECTING SEED GERMIANTION

External factors:
 Water
 Temperature
 Aeration
 Light

Internal factors:
 Seed vitality,
 Genotype,
 Seed maturation,
 Seed dormancy.
RESPIRATION
 Imbibition of water causes the resumption of metabolic activity in
the rehydrated seed.

 Initially their respiration may be anaerobic (due to the energy


provided by glycolysis).

 Respiration soon becomes aerobic as oxygen begins entering the


seed.

 Seeds of plants require more oxygen. Such seeds obtain the oxygen
from the air contained in the soil whereas seeds of water plants, as
also rice, can germinate under water by utilizing dissolved oxygen.

 Ploughing and hoeing aerate the soil and facilitate seed germination.
TEMPERATURE
 Most seeds go through a cold period before germination.

 Helps prevent seeds from Sprouting as soon as they mature.

 Most common annual vegetables have optimal germination


temperatures between 75-90˚F.
LIGHT

 Plants vary greatly in response to light with respect to seed


germination.
 The seeds which respond to light for their germination are named
as photoblastic.
 Three categories of photoblastic seeds are recognized:
 Positive photoblastic (lettuce, tobacco, mistletoe, etc.),
 negative photoblastic (onion, lily,Amaranthus, Nigella, etc.),
 non-photoblastic .
IMBIBITION OF WATER
 For seed germination to occur, the dry, quiescent seed must imbibe
water and become hydrated; in addition, there is a requirement for
oxygen.

 Imbibition results in swelling of the seed as the cellular constituents


get rehydrated

 Swelling ruptures the seed coats and enables the radicle to come
out in the form of primary root.

 Imbibition is accomplished due to the rehydration of structural and


storage macromolecules, chiefly the cell wall and storage
polysaccharides and proteins.
 Seeds packed dry in a bottle can crack it as they imbibe water and
become swollen.
 Assuming no barriers to hydration (e.g., the presence of an impervious
seed coat), the initial uptake of water is rapid and is followed by no
water uptake for a while, a second rise coincident with the beginning of
seedling growth.

 Metabolic reactivation of seeds starts immediately on imbibition and is


closely associated with the rise in respiration rate and production of
ATP(adenosine triphosphate).
METABOLIC ACTIVATION OF IMBIBED SEEDS
 In the early hours of imbibition, membranes are leaky (the leakiness
may be induced by the rushing in of water), and various low molecular
weight substances, ions, sugars, and amino acids, leach out into the
surrounding medium.

 Hydration, while allowing some loss of solutes (which may cause fungal
growth), also results in loss of many inhibitors of germination, e.g.,
some phenolics and abscisic acid (ABA).

 Hydration of seeds not only restores metabolic activity to hitherto


quiescent embryos, it also activates the embryonic machinery such that
it can receive signals, such as light, chilling, and alternating warm and
cold temperatures, signals that are involved in breaking certain types of
seed dormancy.
Metabolism of pulses

 Metabolism of a germinating pulses seed is predominated by


protein and carbohydrate changes.

 The transfer of dry weight from cotyledon to the seedling axis is


clearly shown. It is due to repletion of stored starch and protein.
 The reserve proteins in seeds are stored in protein bodies in the
form of phytinprotein, carbohydrate-protein and lipid-protein
complex. In early stages of germinations, they are activated by
protease prior to hydrolysis.
 The hydrolysis of reserved protein is catalyzed by (1) Protease to
amino acid unit and peptide and (2) Peptidase which hydrolyse
endogenous and hydrolytically produced peptides to amino acid
units.
 Cotyledonary reserve protein gets continuously hydrolyzed by
proteases and supply the amino acid building block to axis which is
evident by increase in α-amino nitrogen in embryonic axis.
 In cotyledons the peptidase activity is reduced since synthetic
process is conspicuously absent there: biosynthetic complement of
protein i.e. DNA and RNA also gets depleted in the cotyledon as
days of germination advance.
Two catabolic pathways of starch to glucose are known in pea
seedlings:
1) Hydrolitic

2) Phosphorolytic
Seed viability
 Seed viability may be defined as the capability of the seed to
germinate and produce a normal seedling for some specific period
of time.

 Viable is capable of living or germinating in seed.

 The viability of the seed accession is a measure of how many seeds


are alive and could develop into plants which will reproduce
themselves, given the appropriate conditions.
Factors affecting seed viability:
 Moisture content and Relative Humidity of the stored seed
 Age of seed
 Temperature of the stored seed
 Aeration in store house
 Contaminate of the seed
 Chemical treatment
 Duration between harvesting and threshing
Causes of less viability
 Degeneration of enzyme
 Disappearance of stored food
 Abnormal seed coat
 Loss of power to protect the protoplasmic molecule from the inert
molecule
 Gradual coagulation of protein of embryo
Seed viability test

 Chemical method
 Excised embryo method
 Germination test method
Dormancy
 Seed dormancy is defined as a state in which seeds are prevented
from germinating even under environmental conditions normally
favorable for germination.

 A period when seed is alive but not growing is called Dormancy.

 Proper condition can break dormancy

Causes of Seed dormancy


 Impermeable seed coat
 Mechanically resistant seed coat
 Rudimentary embryo
 Dormant embryo
 Insufficient development
Types of Dormancy
 Primary dormancy involves a variety of reasons as to why the seed
cannot germinate. It may involve a seed coat that is too strong to
allow the seedling to emerge from the seed. Or it may be that the
embryo is immature at the time of harvest and it needs to ripen
further.

 Secondary dormancy can occur after the seed has imbibed


moisture, but some factor prevents it from continuing to germinate.
Generally, this can be attributed to inappropriate temperatures,
light, moisture or oxygen.

 Special dormancy is due to the dormant conditions of some


structure like epicotyls, hypocotyle etc.
THANK YOU

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