Operating

system

Chapter 1
Q1 . Explain the following terms –
A. Distributed system / parallel system
B. Cluser system
C. Real-time OS
D. Batch-processing OS
E. Inter active/hands-on system
F. Time-shareing OS
• ANS:
• Distributed system/ parallel system: A
distributed system is a collection of processor
that do not share memory or a clock .Instead,
each processor has its own local memory .The
processors communicate network, such as high-
speed buses or telephone lines.
• The may include small microprocessors,
workstations, minicomputer and small computer
and large general purpose computer system.
• The processors are a distributed system may
very in size and function
• Parallel system: This kind of system have more
than one processor in close communication
sharing the computer bus ,the clock, and
sometimes memory and peripheral devices.
Theses system are referred to as tightly coupled
systems are referred to as tightly coupled
systems.
• one advantage is increased through output.
by increasing the number of processor .we hope
to get more work in a shorter period of time
.The speed-up ratio with n processors is not n
,however, but rather is less than n , a group of
n programmers working closely together does
not result in time s the amount of work being
accomplished.
• The multi processor system can save memory
compared to multiple single systems because the
processors can share peripherals, cabinets and
power supplies.
Cluster system: cluster system is a system which
gathered together multiple COUs to accomplish
computational work.
• cluster system composed of two or more
individual system coupled together .cluster
system represents the share storoage & is closely
link via LAN networking
• clustering system performed to provide high
availability . A layer of cluster S/W runs on the
cluster node . Each node monitor one or more of
the other.
• There are two clustering system . They are-
Asymmetric clustering &
Symmetric clustering.
• Asymmetric clustering : In this clustering one
machine is in hot standby mode while the other
is running the application
• Symmetric clustering : In this mode two or more
hosts are running applications & they are
monitoring case other .This mode is obviously
more efficient & available by hardware.
• Real –time OS: A real time operating system has
well –defined , fixed time constraints processing
must be done within a defined constraints ,or
the system will fail, Real time system are
systems that control scientific experiments
,medical imaging systems, industrial control
system etc.
• There are two type of real time system . They
are-
Hard real time system &
A soft real time system.
• A hard real time system (HRTS): A hard real
time system grants that critical tasks be
completed on time.
• A soft real time system (SRTS):- A soft real time
system where a critical real – time tasks gets
priority over other tasks and retains that
priority untill it completes
• Batch-processing OS: Early computers were
enormous larger machines run from a console .
The operating system in these early computer
was fairly simple .its major task was to transfer
control automatically from one job to another.
A simple batch operating system thus normally
reads a stream of separate jobs ,each with its
own control cards that predefine what the job
does .when the job is complete its output is
usually printed the definitive feature of a
 is the lack of interaction between the user and the
job while that job is executing Fig.(a) Shows a
memory lay out for a simple batch system :

Operating system

user program area

• Fig:(a) Memory lay out for a simple batch system

• Interactive /Hands _on system : An
interactive/hands on computer system provides
direct communication between the user and the
system .The user gives instruction to the
operating system or to a program directly using
a keyboard or a mouse and waits fore immediate
result
• Times –sharing OS: A time-sharing operating
system allow many user to share the computer
simultaneously .since each action on a little CPU
time i needed for each user .a time shared
operating system user CPU
• scheduling of multi programming to provide each
user with a small portion of a time shared
computer time –shared operating system are
even more complex than multi programming
operating system .
• Time sharing system provide file system .it also
provides a mechanisam for concurrent executing
, which requires sophisticated CPU-scheduling
schemes .