INTRODUCTION

OF STATISTICS
DR RUSLAWATI ABDUL WAHAB

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Outcomes

Know the statistical concepts.

1.1.1 Define statistics.
1.1.2 Describe types of statistics: descriptive and inferential statistics.
1.1.3 Identify the steps of statistic problem-solving.
1.2 Understand the statistical terms.
1.2.1 Explain population and sample, statistic and parameter, census,
sample survey and pilot study.
1.2.2 Explain the variables in statistics.
IDEA
 STATISTIC

The science of conduct studies to collect, organi

ze, summarize, analyse, and draw conclusions f
rom data.
Terms in Statistic

Descriptive Inference Qualitative Quantitatives

are measures of v
uses the data to pro makes inferences information a alues or counts a
and predictions a
vide descriptions of t bout informati nd are expressed
he population, either bout a population
based on a sampl on that can't as numbers. (e.g
through numerical c . how many; how
alculations or graph e of data taken fr actually be m
om the population much; or how ofte
s or tables. easured.
in question. n).
Terms in Statistic
Pilot study
Survey
Population Sample A survey is an in
vestigation about A pilot study can
the total set of ob
the characteristic be defined as a ‘s
servations that ca
s of a given popul mall study to test
n be made. For e
ation by means of research protocol
xample, if we are a set of obser s, data collection i
studying the weig collecting data fro
vations drawn m a sample of tha nstruments, samp
ht of adult women
, thepopulation i from a popula t population and e le recruitment stra
stimating their ch tegies, and other
s the set of weigh tion.
aracteristics throu research techniqu
ts of all the wome
gh the systematic es in preparation f
n in the world.
use of statistica or a larger study.
l methodology.
Category of Statistic
Category of Statistic
The statistical problem
solving approach
Specify the
problem and
Statistical problem solving plan
is the art of solving quality
problems using statistical
quality control to achieve interpret and
collect data
quality production, discuss
management and control.
SECTION BREAK
process
Insert the title of your subtitleand
Here
represent data
 the problem and plan
A problem statement is a clear concise description of the issue(s) that need(s)
to be addressed by a problem solving team. It is used to center and focus the t
eam at the beginning, keep the team on track during the effort, and is used to v
alidate that the effort delivered an outcome that solves the problem statement.

planning refers to determining a sequence of actions that are known to achi

eve a particular objective when performed
 The process of Data Presenting
Method:Survey
-Set Problem & o
bjective
Organize Data Analysis the m
-Assemble Raw Calculate data
-Develop Questio ean and stand
data into percentag
nnaires ard deviation.
-Pilot study
-Transfer data to e and present
computer
Correlate the v
-Revise Question data into
-Arrange data ariables if nec
naires graph
-Save data essary
-CollectData

Collecting Data Organize Data Summarize Analysis

 Experimental Design
Descriptive Inferential
Population
 Parameter

Sample
 Random

 Bias
 Types of variables in statistics
Variables Graphs
 Measurement scales  Bar Graph
o Nominal  Histogram
o Ordinal
 Box plot
o Interval
 Scatterplot
o Ratio

 Qualitative

 Quantitative

 Independent

 Dependent
 Measures of
Center Spread Shape
 Mean  Range  Skewness

 Median  Variance  Kurtosis

 Standard deviation
 Mode
Tests of
Association Inference
 Correlation Central Limit Theorem  Chi-Square

 Regression  t-test
o Independent samples
o Slope
o Correlated samples
o y-intercept
 Analysis-of-Variance
 Data

o Data - facts, observations, and information that come from investigations

o Measurement data sometimes called quantitative data -- the result of usin
g some instrument to measure something (e.g., test score, weight);
o Categorical data also referred to as frequency or qualitative data. Things
are grouped according to some common property(ies) and the number of
members of the group are recorded (e.g., males/females, vehicle type).
 Variable - property of an object or event that can take on different values.

o Discrete Variable - a variable with a limited number of values (e.g., gender (male/female),
college class (freshman/sophomore/junior/senior).

o Continuous Variable - a variable that can take on many different values, in theory, any value
between the lowest and highest points on the measurement scale.

o Independent Variable - a variable that is manipulated, measured, or selected by the researc

her as an antecedent condition to an observed behavior. In a hypothesized cause-and-effect
relationship, the independent variable is the cause and the dependent variable is the outcom
e or effect.

o Dependent Variable - a variable that is not under the experimenter's control -- the data. It is
the variable that is observed and measured in response to the independent variable.

o Qualitative Variable - a variable based on categorical data.

o Quantitative Variable - a variable based on quantitative data.

Example of Case Study

Environment; Waste management, temperature, solid waste

Transportation; Motorcycle's accident, Safety of Pedestrian, Parking, Public Tr

ansport, Walking distance, traffic increment and etc.

Social ; Food Problems, Hostel, Student Performances, Pressure, Timetable,

House Rental, facilities, Student attitude, fraud, and corruption
Thank you