Chapter 06

Chapter 6: Momentum Analysis
of Flow Systems
Dr. M. Hamdan/E. Elnajjar
Department of Mechanical Engineering
United Arab Emirates University
February 8, 2020
MECH340 Fluid Mechanics

Introduction
Objective: Utilize the linear momentum and
angular momentum equations for control
volumes were developed and use them to
determine the forces and torques associated
with fluid flow.
Most engineering problems can be analyzed using one of three
basic approaches: differential, experimental, and control volume.
Differential approaches: the problem is formulated accurately using
differential quantities, but the solution is usually relied on the use of
numerical methods.
Experimental approaches: complemented with dimensional analysis
are highly accurate, but they are typically time consuming and
expensive.
Finite control volume approach: described in this chapter is
remarkably fast and simple and usually gives answers that are
sufficiently accurate for most engineering purposes.
MECH340 Fluid Mechanics 2

NEWTON’S LAWS AND CONSERVATION
OF MOMENTUM
Newton’s Law
Newton’s first law
Newton’s second law.
Newton’s third law.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newton's_law
For a rigid body of mass m, Newton’s second

law is expressed as

NEWTON’S LAWS AND CONSERVATION
OF MOMENTUM
The product of the mass and the velocity of a body is called
the linear momentum or just the momentum of the body.
Therefore, Newton’s second law can also be stated as:
 The acceleration of a body is proportional to the net force acting on it
and is inversely proportional to its mass
 The rate of change of the momentum of a body is equal to the net force
acting on the body
Newton’s second law  the linear momentum equation in fluid
mechanics
The momentum of a system is conserved when the net force
acting on it is zero  the conservation of momentum principle.
Momentum is a vector. Its direction is the direction of velocity.

CHOOSING A CONTROL VOLUME
How to wisely select a

control volume?
A control volume can be
selected as any arbitrary
region in space through
which fluid flows.
A control volume and its
bounding control surface
can be fixed, moving, and
even deforming during
flow.

CHOOSING A CONTROL VOLUME
for moving but nondeforming control volumes
= 0 for fixed ones

FORCES ACTING ON A CONTROL VOLUME
The external forces include:

Body forces: act throughout
the entire body of the control
volume (such as gravity,
electric, and magnetic forces)
Surface forces: act on the
control surface (such as
pressure and viscous forces
and reaction forces at points
of contact).
Total force acting on control

volume is expressed as

Body Forces
Body force: the only

body force considered
in this text is gravity
where
Therefore, the total body force is

On earth at sea level, the
gravitational constant g is
equal to 9.807 m/s2.

Surface Forces
The physical force acting on a surface is independent
of orientation of the coordinate axes.

Surface Forces
Surface forces: are not as

simple to analyze since they
consist of both normal and
tangential components.
Diagonal components xx , yy
, zz are called normal
stresses and are due to
pressure and viscous
stresses.
Off-diagonal components,xy +  in y-D
xy
xz, etc. are called shear
stresses and are due solely
to viscous stresses. dA in x
ij=2  ij
Fluid in motion Surface Stress Tenser
 u 1  u v  1  u w  
      
x 2  y x  2  z x  
  xx  xy  xz  
1  v w  
ij=2  ij 
 ij    yx  yy
 1  v u 
 yz      
 2 x y 
v
y
 
2  z y  
  zx
  zy  zz    
 1  w  u  1  w v  w 
 2  x z     
 2  y z  z 
THE LINEAR MOMENTUM EQUATION
Newton’s second law

 
 

F  ma  m
External
dV
dt

d
dt
mV system
 
dB d ( mV ) 
Using RRT Let, B  mV  b  dm  dm  V
d   
   
d    
mV system     Vd    V Vr  n dA
dt dt  CV 
 CS
d   

  

F     Vd    V Vr  n dA
dt  CV

External  CS

Conservation of Linear Momentum
Recall CV form from Chap. 4
Body Surface
Force Force
ij = stress tensor

Using the divergence theorem to convert area
integrals

A 100 km/hr A 100 km/hr
B 100 km/hr B 100 km/hr
For an observer on the ground:

VA wrt Observer=100 km/hr
VA wrt Observer=100 km/hr
VB wrt Observer=100 km/hr
VB wrt Observer=-100 km/hr
Vr B wrt A= VB-VA
Vr B wrt A= VB-VA
=100-100=0km/h
=-100- (100)=-200km/h
Vr : represents the velocity at which an observer moving with the CV would observe
the fluid crossing the CS

500 m/s
500 m/s
Vr : an observer set on cart How fast he sees the jet

For an observer on the ground: Vairplane wrt observer=Vcv=-500 km/h
Vcart wrt observer=Vcv=5 m/s Vjet wrt observer=500 km/h
Vjet wrt observer=15 m/s
Vr (jet wrt cv)= Vj-Vcv
Vr (jet wrt cv)= Vj-Vcv =500-(-500)=1000 km/h
=15-(5)=10 m/s

FORCES ACTING ON A CONTROL VOLUME
Total force:
The control volume is

drawn similar to drawing
a free-body diagram in
your statics and dynamics
classes.
Which one (CV A and CV
B) is a wise choice if we
want to calculate the
force on the flange?

Momentum-Flux Correction Factor, b
Since the velocity across most inlets and outlets is not
uniform, the momentum-flux correction factor, b, is used
to patch-up the error in the algebraic form equation.
Therefore,
Momentum flux across an inlet or outlet:
Momentum-flux correction factor:

EXAMPLE: Momentum-Flux Correction
Factor for Laminar Pipe Flow
Consider laminar flow
Solution:
through a very long
straight section of round
pipe. The velocity profile
through a cross-sectional
area of the pipe is
Calculate the momentum-

flux correction factor
Note: For turbulent flow b may have an insignificant effect at
through a cross section of
inlets and outlets, but for laminar flow b may be important and
the pipe
should not be neglected.

For steady uniform inlet and exits:
  
 F 
out
m V  
in
m V

Example 6-34
What is the Force magnitude and
d     
 F  dt    Vd    V Vr  n dA 
direction from the fluid?
 CV  CS CV
  
 F   bm V   bm V Use b  1
out in
m  VA  V [D 2 / 4]
 (62.4 lbm/ft 3 )(140 ft/s) [ (3 / 12 ft) 2 / 4]
 428.8 lbm/s
   Bend the fluid
Fx  m
 Vout  m
 Vin
FRx  m
 (V2 )  m
 (V1 )  2m
V
 1 lbf 
FRx  2  428.8 lbm/s  (140 ft/s)  2 
 3729 lbf  3730 lbf
 32.2 lbm  ft/s 

Apply Bernoulli Equation 1-2:

Example: The Force to Hold a Reversing
Elbow in Place
A reversing
Solution: The elbow
verticalMakes
component of the anchoring force at the
the fluid a 180° U-turn
connection of the elbow to the pipe is zero, since weight is
before it is discharged at a
rate of 14neglected.
kg/s, TheOnly the FRx is considered.
cross-
sectional area of the elbow
is 113 cm2 at the inlet and 7
cm2 at the outlet. The
elevation difference
between the centers of the
inlet and the exit sections is
still 0.3 m. Determine the
anchoring force needed to
hold the elbow in place. (the
weight of the elbow and the
water are neglected)
Where b is 1.03.

Question 6-23
What happen if the box

was fixed?

Solution: Example 6-23
Moving Control Volume
d   
 F
dt   
  

 Vd   V Vr  n dA


External  CV  CS
Vr  Vjet  Vcart  15  5  10 m/s
  
 F   m V   m V
out in
FR x  m iVi  Fbrake  m rVr
 1N 
Fbrake  m rVr  ( 25 kg/s)( 10 m/s)   250 N
2 
 1 kg  m/s 
 1W 
W  FbrakeVcart  ( 250 N)(5 m/s)   1.25 kW
 1 N  m/s 

Flow with No External Forces
d   
 F
dt   
  

 Vd   V Vr  n dA


External  CV  CS
This is a common situation for space vehicles and
satellites.
For a control volume with multiple inlets and outlets, the
linear momentum equation is
This is an expression of the conservation of momentum

principle.
If m remains nearly constant, then

Flow with No External Forces
In this case, the control

volume can be treated as
a solid body, with a
thrust of
This approach can be

used to determine the
linear acceleration of
space vehicles when a
rocket is fired.

Example: Repositioning of a Satellite
Solution:
An orbiting satellite has a mass of
msat = 5000 kg and is traveling at
a constant velocity of V0. To alter
its orbit, an attached rocket
discharges mf = 100 kg of gases
from the reaction of solid fuel at a
velocity Vf = 3000 m/s relative to
the satellite in a direction
opposite to V0. The fuel discharge
rate is constant for 2 s. Determine
(a) the acceleration of the satellite
during this 2-s period, (b) the
change of velocity of the satellite
during this time period, and (c)
The
the thrust
thrust exerted
exerted ononthe
thesatellite.
satellite is

REVIEW OF ROTATIONAL MOTION
AND ANGULAR MOMENTUM
The motion of a rigid body:
(Translation of + Rotation about) the
center of mass.
The translational motion can be analyzed
using the linear momentum equation.
Rotational motion is described with
angular quantities such as the angular
distance , angular velocity v, and angular
acceleration a.
Analogy between corresponding linear and
angular quantities.
Linear Momentum Angular Momentum

REVIEW OF ROTATIONAL MOTION
AND ANGULAR MOMENTUM
where V is the linear velocity and at is the linear acceleration in

the tangential direction for a point located at a distance r from
the axis of rotation.
1 rad =

Moment or Torque
Newton’s second law requires that there must be a
force acting in the tangential direction to cause angular
acceleration.
The strength of the rotating effect, called the moment or
torque, is proportional to the magnitude of the force and
its distance from the axis of rotation.
The perpendicular distance from the axis of rotation to
the line of action of the force is called the moment arm.
The torque M acting on a point mass m at a normal
distance r from the axis of rotation is expressed as

Moment or Torque
The total torque acting on a rotating rigid body about an
axis can be determined by
where I is the moment of inertia of the body about the

axis of rotation, which is a measure of the inertia of a
body against rotation.
Note that unlike mass, the rotational inertia of a body
also depends on the distribution of the mass of the body
with respect to the axis of rotation.

Angular momentum
The moment of linear
momentum, called the
angular momentum, of a
point mass m about an axis
can be expressed as
the total angular

momentum of a rotating
rigid body can be
determined by integration
to be

Shaft power
The angular velocity of
rotating machinery is
typically expressed in rpm
and denoted by .
The angular velocity of
rotating machinery is
(rad/min)
The power transmitted by
a shaft rotating at an rpm
of under the influence of
an applied torque M is

Rotational kinetic energy
The rotational kinetic energy of a body of mass m at a

distance r from the axis of rotation is
The total rotational kinetic energy of a rotating rigid

body about an axis can be determined by

THE ANGULAR MOMENTUM EQUATION
Many engineering problems

involve the moment of the
linear momentum of flow
streams, and the rotational
effects caused by them, which
are best analyzed by the
angular momentum equation,
The moment of a force about
a point O is the vector (or cross)
product.
Whose magnitude is

The sense of the moment

vector is determined by the
right-hand rule
Replacing the vector by the
momentum vector gives the
moment of momentum, also
called the angular momentum
The angular momentum of a

differential mass dm is
 
  
H sys  r  V  d
Moment of momentum (system): sys

Angular momentum
The vector form of angular momentum can be expressed

as
Note that the angular velocity is the same at every point of

a rigid body.
The moment, the rate of change of angular momentum, is
M: Moment of Force H: Moment of Linear Momentum

Centripetal acceleration and force
During rotational motion, the direction of velocity
changes even when its magnitude remains constant.
The centripetal acceleration changes the direction of
the velocity. Its magnitude is
Centripetal acceleration is directed toward the axis of

rotation. The centripetal force, which induces the
acceleration, is
Tangential and radial accelerations are perpendicular

to each other, and the total linear acceleration is
determined by their vector sum,

Applying
the RTT

THE ANGULAR MOMENTUM EQUATION -
For Steady state uniform velocity:

THE ANGULAR MOMENTUM EQUATION -
Special Cases
Steady Flow:
In many practical applications, an approximate form of

the angular momentum equation in terms of average
properties at inlets and outlets becomes
No correction factor is introduced since it varies from

problem to problem and the induced error is small.
Steady Flow

Flow with No External Moments
When there are no external moments applied, the angular

momentum equation reduces to
When the moment of inertia I of the control volume

remains constant, then

Radial-Flow Devices
Flow in the radial direction normal to the axis of rotation
and are called radial flow devices.
In a centrifugal pump, the fluid enters the device in the
axial direction through the eye of the impeller, and is
discharged in the tangential direction.

Radial-Flow Devices
Consider a centrifugal pump.
The impeller section is
enclosed in the control volume.
The average flow velocity, in
general, has normal and
tangential components at both
the inlet and the outlet of the
impeller section.
when the shaft rotates at an
angular velocity of v, the
impeller blades have a
tangential velocity of vr1 at the
inlet and vr2 at the outlet.

Radial-Flow Devices
The conservation of mass

equation tells
where b1 and b2 are the flow

widths at the inlet and outlet.
Then the average normal
components are

Radial-Flow Devices
The normal velocity components and pressure act

through the shaft center and contribute no torque. Only
the tangential velocity components contribute to the
angular momentum equation, which gives the famous
Euler’s turbine formula.
In the idealized case:

Where Vi,t= ri
The shaft power

EXAMPLE: Bending Moment Acting at the
Base of a Water Pipe
Underground water is pumped to a
sufficient height through a 10-cm
diameter pipe that consists of a 2-m-
long vertical and 1-m-long horizontal
section. Water discharges to
atmospheric air at an average
velocity of 3 m/s, and the mass of the
horizontal pipe section when filled
with water is 12 kg per meter length.
The pipe is anchored on the ground
by a concrete base. Determine the
bending moment acting at the base
of the pipe (point A) and the required
length of the horizontal section that
would make the moment at point A
zero.

Solution
Conservation of mass gives
Therefore, we can get
Then the angular momentum equation about point A becomes

Therefore,
Setting MA = 0, then we can get

EXAMPLE: Power Generation from a
Sprinkler System
A large lawn sprinkler with four
identical arms is to be converted into
a turbine to generate electric power
by attaching a generator to its
rotating head. Water enters the
sprinkler from the base along the
axis of rotation at a rate of 20 L/s
and leaves the nozzles in the
tangential direction. The sprinkler
rotates at a rate of 300 rpm in a
horizontal plane. The diameter of
each jet is 1 cm, and the normal
distance between the axis of rotation
and the center of each nozzle is 0.6
m. Estimate the electric power
produced.

Sprinkler System
Solution
MA= -4(63.66)(0.6)(5)(1000)/1000=1358 Nm

Sprinkler System
Solution

Sprinkler System
Discussion of two limiting cases

Example: 6-25
Find the anchoring force 25 cm2 2

needed to hold the elbow?
45
FRz
m 30 kg/s FRx
V1    2.0 m/s
A1 (1000 kg/m 3 )(0.0150 m 2 )
Water 150 m2
m 30 kg/s
V2    12 m/s 30 kg/s W
A2 (1000 kg/m 3 )(0.0025 m 2 ) 1
P1 V12 P2 V22  V22  V12   V22  V12 

  z1    z2  P1  P2  g   z2  z1   P1, gage  g   z2 
g 2 g g 2 g  2g   2g 
 (12 m/s) 2  (2 m/s) 2  1 kN 

P1, gage  (1000 kg/m )(9.81 m/s )
3 2
 0.4    73 .9 kN/m 2  73.9 kPa
 2  1000 kg  m/s 
2
 2(9.81 m/s )  

Example: 6-25 - Continue
 
 
d    
F     Vd    V Vr  n dA
  25 cm2 2
External dt  CV  CS
   45
 F 
out
bm V  bm V
in
FRz
FRx
FRx  P1,gage A1  bm V2 cos   bm V1

Water 150 m2
30 kg/s W
1
FRz  W  bm V2 sin 

 
2  
 73.9 kN/m2  0.0150 m2 
1 kN
FRx  b m V2 cos   V 1  P1, gage A1  1.03( 30 kg/s)[(12cos45-2) m/s] 
 1000 kg  m/s 
 0.908 kN
 1 kN 
FRz  bm V2 sin   W  1.03(30 kg/s)(12s in45  m/s)   0.4905 kN  0.753 kN

 1000 kg  m/s
2

FRz 0.753
FR  FRx
2
 FRz
2
 (0.908 ) 2  (0.753 ) 2  1.18 kN,   tan -1  tan -1  39.7 
FRx  0.908
Negative value for FRx indicates the assumed direction is wrong

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Chapter 6: Momentum Analysis

MECH340 Fluid Mechanics

MECH340 Fluid Mechanics 2

For a rigid body of mass m, Newton’s second

MECH340 Fluid Mechanics 3

MECH340 Fluid Mechanics 4

How to wisely select a

MECH340 Fluid Mechanics 5

for moving but nondeforming control volumes

= 0 for fixed ones

MECH340 Fluid Mechanics 6

The external forces include:

Total force acting on control

MECH340 Fluid Mechanics 7

Body force: the only

Therefore, the total body force is

MECH340 Fluid Mechanics 8

MECH340 Fluid Mechanics 9

Surface forces: are not as

MECH340 Fluid Mechanics 12

ij = stress tensor

MECH340 Fluid Mechanics 13

B 100 km/hr B 100 km/hr

For an observer on the ground:

MECH340 Fluid Mechanics 14

Vr : an observer set on cart How fast he sees the jet

For an observer on the ground:

MECH340 Fluid Mechanics 15

The control volume is

MECH340 Fluid Mechanics 16

Momentum flux across an inlet or outlet:

Momentum-flux correction factor:

MECH340 Fluid Mechanics 17

Calculate the momentum-

MECH340 Fluid Mechanics 18

MECH340 Fluid Mechanics 19

MECH340 Fluid Mechanics 20

MECH340 Fluid Mechanics 22

MECH340 Fluid Mechanics 32

What happen if the box

MECH340 Fluid Mechanics 33

MECH340 Fluid Mechanics 34

This is an expression of the conservation of momentum

MECH340 Fluid Mechanics 36

In this case, the control

This approach can be

MECH340 Fluid Mechanics 37

MECH340 Fluid Mechanics 38

MECH340 Fluid Mechanics 40

where V is the linear velocity and at is the linear acceleration in

MECH340 Fluid Mechanics 41

MECH340 Fluid Mechanics 42

where I is the moment of inertia of the body about the

MECH340 Fluid Mechanics 43

the total angular

MECH340 Fluid Mechanics 44

MECH340 Fluid Mechanics 45

The rotational kinetic energy of a body of mass m at a

The total rotational kinetic energy of a rotating rigid

MECH340 Fluid Mechanics 46

Many engineering problems

MECH340 Fluid Mechanics 47

The sense of the moment