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Computers
Developments Leading
up to the Stored-
Program Computer of
Today
• Father of Computers
• Invented Analytical
Engine in 1832
• 5 characteristics of
modern computer
– Input device – punch
cards
– Processor – mill
– Control Unit
– Storage Facility – store
– Output device
Ada Augusta
• First Computer
Programmer
– wrote programs for the
Analytical Engine
• Her notes on the
Analytical Engine
was used in the
future development
of computers
Herman Hollerith
• Invented
Tabulating
Machine for
1890 Census
• First machine
capable of
processing
statistical
information
from punched
cards
Alan Turing
• Worked on
Colossus
computer in
1943
• Used in World
War II for
cracking
German codes
(ENIGMA)
John Mauchly
Presper Eckert
• ENIAC (Electronic
Numerical
Integrator &
Calculator)
1946
• First electronic
computer to go
into operation
• A moth got caught in the MARK II
and shorted out a relay
• Grace crawled in and removed it
from inside the computer
• Popularized the term “bug” to
signify any system failure
• The term “debugging” signifies
solving a computer problem
John von Neumann
“First Draft” – based on
his concepts, all computers
process data by carrying out
four specific activities:
Input data
Store data
Process data
Output data/results
• Vacuum tubes
– for electronic circuits
• Punched cards
– for secondary
memory/storage
• Speed – Milliseconds
– Thousands of operations
per second
• Machine and Assembly
languages
Vacuum Tube
• Transistors
– electronic circuits
• Magnetic tape
– secondary memory\storage
• Speed – Microseconds
– millions of operations per second
• Programming languages
– COBOL, Fortran, Symbolic
Transistor
• Replaced vacuum
tubes as electronic
circuits in computers
• Developed by William
Shockley, Walter
Brattain, and John
Bardeen from Bell
Labs in 1947
– Won the Nobel Prize in
Comparison of the vacuum 1956 as a result
tube with the transistor
• 100,000 circuits/cubic
foot
Third Generation
Computers (1965-1970)
• Personal micro-computer
• Microprocessor
– electronic circuits
• Magnetic disk
– secondary memory\storage
• Speed – picoseconds
– trillions of operations
per second
• Virtual memory
– mimics behavior of primary memory
Microprocessor
• Artificial Intelligence
– Computer learns from itself
• Natural Language
– Communicate with computer using everyday
language
• Parallel Processing
– Ability to process millions of instructions
simultaneously
• Speed – gigaseconds
– Quadrillions of operations per second
What will the future hold
in the computer
industry?