PHRASES &

CLAUSES
 NOUN ADVERB
PHRASES PHRASES
VERB -ING PARTICIPLE
PHRASES CLAUSES

PHRASES ADJECTIVE PREPOSITION -ED PARTICIPLE

PHRASES PHRASES CLAUSES

PARTICIPLE
CLAUSES TO-INFINITIVE
GRAMMATICAL NON-FINITE CLAUSES
CONSTITUENT CLAUSES INFINITIVE
CLAUSES BARE INFINITIVE
CLAUSES
INDEPENDENT
CLAUSES NOUN CLAUSES
CLAUSES FINITE
CLAUSES DEPENDENT
CLAUSES ADVERB
CLAUSES
RELATIVE
CLAUSES
 SENTENCES

ELEGANTLY

THE WALL
THE PRINCIPLES PAINTING IS ADJECTIVE ON
HANGING AS NOUN
ADJECTIVE HEAD AS HEAD
AS WORD WORD
HEAD
WORD
PREPOSITION
AS HEAD WORD

NOUNS AS HEAD WORD VERB GROUP AS HEAD WORD

Finite Clauses
S F
 ( Swans eat water plants ).
S F S F
 ( Simon came early ) but ( Peter was late.)
S F S F
 ( Everyone knows )( that he has been promoted)
S F S F
 (When Hassan arrived) (the group had left already.)
S F S F
 (He finally found the boy) (who borrowed the book.)

S S F F
 (The houses (where I had lived for two years) has been demolished.)
Non – Finite clauses
Without a subject
NF

 (Entering the houses) he dropped his bag.

NF NF

 (Stunned by the news ), she could not say a word.

NF

 The board agreed (to reinstate him as the

manager.)

 All he should do was (wait patiently.)

 With a subject
S NF

1. ( The matter having been settled amically) we left.

NF
S
2. (The work done) we went home immediately.
S NF
3. The best thing would be ( for you to tell the truth).
S NF

4. (Rather than John do it), I would do the work myself.

 Sentences
Patterns

Constituent Of Sentences

Subject Predicate

Verb+ direct object Verb + adverbial

Verb

Verb+ direct object +

Verb +Subject Complement
Adverbial

Verb+ direct object+

Verb +Indirect Object+ Direct Object
Object Complement
 Sentences

Clauses

Subject Predicate

Meow
Cats

He Has bought a new houses

The sun
Is shining brightly

Government scholarship
Are awarded to deserving students

Some very naughty boys Are in the room

NP VP
 S V Oi Od
The guest Handed The Her room
Receptionist key.
NP NP NP NP

There is variation for this sentences pattern. Instead of putting

the indirect object in front of the direct object, It is possible to
put it in a prepositional pharases (PP) that comes after the
direct object as illustrated by the example below:
 S V Od Oi
The guest Handed Her room To the
key. receptionist

NP VGP NP PP

The prepositional phrases ( i.e. to the receptionist ) is the indirect object. In the above
example the prepositional phrase is introduced phrase is introduced by the preposition to. The
Preposition for is used with certain ditransitive verbs as the following examples show:
 S V Od Oi

The manager has left his secretary an important

message
NP Vgp NP PP
S V Oi Od

s v od oi

The manager Has left An important For his secretary

message
NP Vgp NP PP
However for some distrantive verb the indirect object almost always
comes in front of the Direct object rather than being introduced by to or
for as indicasted by the following examples

1. They promised her a reward.

(not: They promised a reward to / for her)
2.The teacher asked the pupils a question .
(not: The teacher asked a question to/ for the pupils
3. Parent should allow their children some freedom to/for their children
(Not: Parents should allow some freedom to /for their children