GLASS

Glass - Introduction
 Any substance or mixture of substances that
has solidified from the liquid state without
crystallization
 Elements, compounds and mixtures of wide
varying composition can exist in the glass state,
but the term ‘glass’ as ordinarily use refers to
material which is made by the fusion of mixture
of silica, basic oxides and few other compounds
that react either with silica or the basic oxides

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Glass - Introduction
 Glass may also be defined as a hard, brittle,
transparent or translucent material chiefly
compound of silica, combined with varying
proportions of oxides of sodium, potassium,
calcium, magnesium, iron or other materials
 Glass is an amorphous substance having a
homogeneous texture

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Glass Constituents
 Glass is obtained from fusion of silica, chalk (lime) and
potash or soda at over 1000°C
 Silica – main constituent which fuses at high
temperature so alkaline admixture added to lower
down fusion temperature
 Potash – gives fire resistant properties to glass
 Soda – quickens fusion of glass
 Lime – imparts durability and toughness
 Coloring Substance – provides color
 Cullet – broken glass of the type to be made to bring
down cost of production

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Glass Constituents
 Coloring substances
– Black – cobalt, nickel and manganese oxide
– Green – chromic oxide
– Red – cuprous oxide, selenium
– Violet – manganese dioxide
– White – cryolite, tin oxide
– Yellow – cadmium sulphate

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Glass Manufacturing
 All constituents separately ground, sieved and mixed
in definite proportions
 Mix fused in furnace at 1000 to 1300°C
– tank furnace (continuous)
– pot furnace – small amount of optical or tight spec glass
 In tank furnace charge fed at one end and molten
glass tapped at other end continuously
– Melting compartment - large
– Working compartment - small
– Day tank – smaller tank to complete melting of some charge
in one day

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Glass Manufacturing

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Glass Manufacturing
 Molten glass shaped by following methods
– Blowing – articles of various shapes formed by manual or
mechanical blowing through blowing pipe 1.5 to 2 m long
and 12 mm diameter
– Flat drawing – plate of viscous molten glass pressed
between rollers to form sheet glass
– Rolling – molten glass poured over flat iron table rolled by
iron rollers into sheet
– Compression molding – irregular and hollow shape articles
formed by pressing molten glass into molds
– Casting – molten glass is poured into molds and cooled
down slowly
– Spinning – glass fibers finer than cotton thread produced by
spinning action
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Glass Classification
 Soda lime or Crown glass
– Fusion of silica, lime, soda and alumina mixture.
– Also called soda-ash glass, soda glass or soft glass.
– Used for glazing doors, windows, common glassware
 Lead or Flint glass
– Fusion of silica, lead and potash
– Used for making tableware, optics, lamps, thermometers
 Boro-silicate, Pyrex or heat resistant glass
– Fusion of silica, borax, lime and feldspar
– Withstands high temperature
– Lab equipment and cookware made with it

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Commercial Glass
 Sheet glass: use for engineering works
– Ordinary glazing quality – general glazing
– Selected glazing quality – better quality work
– Special selected quality – show cases and cabinets
– Available in thickness of 2.0 to 6.5 mm
 Plate glass
– Ground and polished
– Available in thickness of 3.0 to 32.0 mm
– GG quality – cabinets, show cases, shelves, counters, etc
– SG quality – mirrors
– SQ quality – superior quality for high class work

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Commercial Glass
 Tempered plate glass
– Glass plate is heated and suddenly cooled to give it a temper
– Much stronger than ordinary glass
– Used for glazing entrance doors, table tops, shelves,
counters
 Laminated, safety glass
– Two or more glass plates with intervening layers of
transparent plastic bound under heat and pressure
– Used for glazing windows and doors of buildings and land
transport
 Bullet proof glass
– 15 – 75 mm thick several laminations

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Commercial Glass

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Commercial Glass
 Wired glass
– Rough cast translucent glass with special steel wire mesh
embedded between layers of glass during manufacture
– Fire retardant and provides safety
– Special annealing process gives additional resistance to
breakage
– Used where light and safety are both required
 Insulating glass
– Two or more glass layers with 6 to 12 mm intervening layers
of dehydrated air hermetically sealed
– Used for glazing windows and doors of buildings where heat
insulation and light transmission are both needed

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Commercial Glass
 Colored glass
– Various metal oxides are added to molten glass to provide
desired color
– Used for decoration work in buildings
 Heat absorbing or UV ray glass
– Glass of bluish green tinge that cuts off ultra violet rays of
sun
 Flint glass
– Lead glass which shines and takes up polish
– Used for cut glass work, as optical glass, electric bulbs,
valves, etc

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Commercial Glass
 Ground glass
– One face of sheet glass made rough and
translucent by grinding
– Used for privacy in bathrooms and bedrooms
windows etc
 Block glass
– Hollow sealed glass blocks of various sizes
– Used to provide heat and sound proof partitions

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Commercial Glass
 Glass fiber or glass wool
– Molten glass is let to drop through tiny orifices and blowing
with air or steam to attenuate the fibers
– Has very high tensile strength approx 2750 N/mm²

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Glass - modern uses
 The fiber glass reinforced with plastics can be used in
construction of furniture, cars, trucks
 Glass used to form rifle barrel which is lighter and
stronger
 Optical glass in astronomy and bacteriology
 Glass linings for valves, pipes, pumps, etc to protect
from chemicals
 Hollow glass blocks for construction of walls and
ceilings
 Color changing glass in windows for night and day use

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Glass Properties
 No definite crystalline structure
 No sharp melting point
 Absorbs, refracts or transmits light
 Affected by alkalis
 An excellent electrical insulator at high
temperatures
 Extremely brittle
 Available in beautiful colors

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Glass Properties
 Not affected by air or water
 Not easily attacked by ordinary chemical
reagents
 Capable of being worked in several ways
 Can take up a high polish
 Possible to weld glass pieces by fusion

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Glass Properties
 Using modern techniques, glass can be made
lighter than cork, softer than cotton, and
stronger than steel
 Glass can be easily cleaned by
– Applying methylated spirit
– Rubbing finely powdered chalk
– Rubbing damp salt for cleaning paint spots
– Painting glass panes with lime wash, leaving these
to dry and then washing with clean water

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Glass Properties
 Refractive index 1.46 – 2.18
 Compressive strength 600 – 1200 MN/m²
 Tensile strength 27 – 700 MN/m²
 Thermal conductivity 0.0018 – 0.0028 cal/cm°C/s
 Expansion coefficient 8 x 10-7 – 140 x 10-7 cm/°C
 Softening point 500 - 1510 °C
 Annealing point 350 – 890 °C
 Volume resistivity 108 – 1018 ohms/cm3

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