• In this times the use of fire,

smoke, and horns were

effective ways for groups or
individuals to communicate the
need for assistance or to share
information about importance
events.

• Smoke signals were especially

useful as a tracking tool.
• In a time before maps existed,
groups moving from one
location to another could follow
each other by following
“directions” made from smoke.
“Lascaux cave”
• This was the primary
method to communicated
since they had yet develop
verbal skills.
• Although the Lascaux cave
paintings are well-known,
the oldest known cave
painting are those found in
Chauvet Cave also in
France, dated around the
aforementioned period (
circa 30,000 BC/BCE).
• Early humans have found other
ways to express their thoughts
even before they capable of
speaking.
• These are images etched in stone
and archaeologists surmised they
may have appeared sometime
around Neolithic Period, a period
that followed Paleolithic and
Mesolithic though there are those
who argue they also appeared in
the Paleolithic stage as well.
• These Petroglyphs may either be
pictographs or ideographs
• What can be gleaned here is
that early man had utilize
whatever was available in his
sorroundings and lacking of
materials to materials to make
illustrations like in cave
paintings, they used stones to
etch image.
• Therefore, it can be inferred
that man has started to become
more innovative in coming up
with something new to express
his ideas.
 • It is a large image made on the
ground and typically formed
with durable materials found in
the landscape, such as stones,
fragments, woof from trees,
smaller stone like gravel, or soil.
• A positive geoglyph is created by
the systematic arrangement of
materials on the ground, while a
negative geoglyph is formed by
removing rocks and earth to
reveal the unpainted ground
from above.

Offlington white horse

• Some of the famous (negative)
geoglyphs are the Nazca Lines in
Peru which is perhaps the most
known of all.
• There are also geoglyphs found
in Australia where the largest
geoglyphs, Marree Man, can be
found.
• There are also geoglyphs in the
Great Basin Desert in the United
States, Scandinavia and Russia,
including the former Soviet
republics.
The Bronze
Age
 Characterized by the use of copper and bronze as the chief hard
materials in the manufacturing of implements and weapon.
It is the earliest period for which we have direct written accounts,
since the invention of writing coincides with its early beginnings.
Cultures in the Near East and China develop the first systems of
writing.
Burials in the British Isles shifted from the communal interments
of Neolithic Age to more individual burials in barrows and cists.
It is marked by widespread migrations and trade, especially across
Europe and in Mediterranean region.
From Bronze
to Iron Age
The adaption of iron and steel directly impacted
changes in society, affecting agricultural
procedures and artistic expression, and also
coincide with the spread of written language.
• In historical archaeology, the earliest
preserved manuscripts are from the iron age.
This is due to the introduction of alphabetic
characters, which allowed literature to
flourish and for societies to record historic
texts.
• The beginning of iron age differs from region
to region. It is characterized by the use of iron
in tools, weapon, personal ornaments,
pottery and design.
• The difference from the preceding age of
bronze were due to more advanced ways of
processing iron. Because iron is softer than
bronze, it could be forged, making design
move from rectilinear patterns to curvilinear,
flowing design.
• It is believed that a shortage of tin forced metal workers to
seek an alternative to bronze. Many bronze were recycle
this time. The widespread use of the more readily
available iron ore led to improved efficiency of steel-
making technology. By the time tin became available
again, iron was cheaper, stronger and lighter, and forged
iron replaced bronze tools permanently.
• During the Iron age, the best tools and weapons were
made from steel, particularly carbon alloys. Steel weapons
and tools were nearly the same weight as those of bronze,
but much stronger.