Data Resource Management

Learning Objectives

 Explain the business value of implementing

data resource management processes and
technologies in an organization
 Outline the advantages of a database
management approach to managing the data
resources of a business, compared with a file
processing approach
 Explain how database management software
helps business professionals and supports the
operations and management of a business
5-2
 Learning Objectives

 Provide examples to illustrate the following

concepts
– Major types of databases
– Data warehouses and data mining
– Logical data elements
– Fundamental database structures
– Database development

5-3
Logical Data Elements

5-4
 Logical Data Elements

Field
Character Record
(data item)

•A single •Represents an •Grouping of all

alphabetic, attribute (quality the fields used to
numeric, or other or characteristic) describe the
symbol of some entity attributes of an
(object, person, entity
place, event)
•Example… payroll
•Examples… records with name,
salary, job title SSN, pay rate

5-5
 Logical Data Elements

File
Database
(table, flat file)

•Group of related •Integrated

records collection of
logically related
data elements

5-6
Electric Utility Database

5-7
Common Database Structures: Hierarchical

– Early DBMS structure

– Records arranged in tree-like structure
– Relationships are one-to-many

5-8
Common Database Structures: Network

– Used in some mainframe DBMS packages

– Many-to-many relationships
5-9
 Common Database Structures: Relational

 Most widely used structure

– Data elements are stored in tables
– Row represents a record; column is a field
– Can relate data in one file with data in another,
if both files share a common data element
5-10
 Common Database Structures: Multidimensional

 Variation of relational model

– Uses multidimensional structures to
organize data
– Data elements are viewed as being in cubes
– Popular for analytical databases that support
Online Analytical Processing (OLAP)

5-11
Multidimensional Model

5-12
Common Database Structures: Object-Oriented

Source: Adapted from Ivar Jacobsen, Maria Ericsson, and Ageneta Jacobsen, The Object Advantage: Business Process
Reengineering with Object Technology (New York: ACM Press, 1995), p. 65.
Copyright @ 1995, Association for Computing Machinery. By permission.

5-13
 Evaluation of Database Structures

Hierarchical Network Relational

Works for More flexible Easily responds

structured, than hierarchical to ad hoc
routine Unable to handle requests
transactions ad hoc requests
Can’t handle Easier to work
many-to-many with & maintain
relationship
Not as efficient
or quick as
hierarchical or
network

5-14
 Database Development

Database Administrator (DBA)

In charge of enterprise-wide database development

Improves integrity and security of organizational databases

Uses Data Definition Language (DDL) to develop and

specify data content, relationships, and structure

Stores these specifications in a data dictionary

or metadata repository

5-15
 Data Dictionary

Data Contains data about data (metadata)

Dictionary
Relies on specialized software component
to manage a database of data definitions

Can be active or passive

Names and descriptions of all types of data

records and their interrelationships
Requirements for end users’ access and
use of applications
Contains Database maintenance
information
on… Security

5-16
Database Development

5-17
Entity Relationship Diagram

5-18
Logical and Physical Database Views

5-19
 Data Resource Management

 Data resource management is a managerial

activity
– Uses data management, data warehousing,
and other IS technologies
– Manages data resources to meet the
information needs of business stakeholders

5-20
Types of Databases

5-21
 Operational Databases

Stores detailed data needed to support

businesses and operations

Also called subject area databases (SADB),

transaction databases, and
production databases

Database examples:
customer, human resource, inventory

5-22
 Distributed Databases

Distributed databases are copies or parts of

databases stored on servers at multiple locations

Protection of valuable data

Data can be distributed into
smaller databases
Each location has control
of its local data
All locations can access
any data, anywhere
Improved database Maintaining data
performance at worksites accuracy

Advantages Disadvantages

5-23
 Distributed Databases

Replication

Look at each distributed database and find changes

Apply changes to each distributed database
Very complex

Duplication

One database is master

Duplicate the master after hours, in all locations
Easier to accomplish
Requires extra computing power & bandwidth
5-24
 External Databases

Databases available for Hypermedia databases

a fee from the Web,
or from commercial
online services Statistical databases

Bibliographic and
full-text databases

Search engines like Google or Yahoo

are external databases

5-25
 Components of Web-Based System

 A hypermedia database contains

– Hyperlinked pages of multimedia
– Interrelated hypermedia page elements,
rather than interrelated data records
5-26
 Data Warehouses

Stores static data that has been extracted from

other databases in an organization
Central source of data that has been cleaned,
transformed, and cataloged
Data is used for data mining, analytical processing,
analysis, research, decision support

Data warehouses may be divided into data marts

Subsets of data that focus on specific aspects of a company
(department or process)

5-27
Data Warehouse Components

5-28
Applications and Data Marts

5-29
Data Mining

5-30
 Traditional File Processing

Data are organized, stored, and processed

in independent files

Each business application uses specialized data

files containing specific types of data records

Problems

Data redundancy
Lack of data integration

Data dependence (files, storage devices, software)

Lack of data integrity or standardization

5-31
Traditional File Processing - Banks

5-32
 Database Management Approach

The foundation of modern methods

of managing organizational data

A database
Consolidates Data can be management
data records, accessed by system (DBMS)
formerly in many different is the software
separate files, application interface
into databases programs between users
and databases

5-33
Database Management Approach

5-34
 Database Management System

In mainframe and server computer systems,

database management software is used to…

Create new databases

and database applications

Maintain the quality of the data

in an organization’s databases

Use the databases of an organization to

provide the information needed by end users

5-35
Common DBMS Software Components

5-36
 Database Management System

 Database Development
– Defining and organizing the content, relationships,
and structure of the data needed to build a database

 Database Application Development

– Using DBMS to create prototypes of queries, forms,
reports, Web pages

 Database Maintenance
– Using transaction processing systems and other
tools to add, delete, update, and correct data

5-37
DBMS Major Functions

5-38
 Database Interrogation

End User Query

Report Generator
Makes DBMS Language
Query
Immediate Quickly specify
No programming response to ad hoc a format for
required data requests information you
want to present
as a report

Response is a video display

or a printed report

5-39
 Database Interrogation

 SQL Queries
– Structured, international standard query
language found in many DBMS packages
– Query form is SELECT…FROM…WHERE…
5-40
 Database Interrogation

 Boolean Logic
– Developed by George Boole in the mid-1800s
– Used to refine searches to specific information
– Has three logical operators: AND, OR, NOT

 Example
– Cats OR felines AND NOT dogs OR Broadway

5-41
 Database Interrogation

Graphical and Natural Queries

It is difficult to correctly phrase SQL and

other database language search queries

Most DBMS packages offer easier-to-use

point-and-click methods

Translates queries into SQL commands

Natural language query statements are

similar to conversational English

5-42
Microsoft Query Wizard

5-43
 Database Maintenance

 Accomplished by transaction processing

systems and other applications, with the
support of the DBMS
– Done to reflect new business transactions
and other events
– Updating and correcting data, such as
customer addresses

5-44
 Application Development

Use DBMS software development tools

to develop custom application programs

Not necessary to develop detailed data-

handling procedures using conventional
programming languages

Can include data manipulation language

(DML) statements that call on the DBMS to
perform necessary data handling

5-45
 Amazon, eBay, and Google

 Amazon’s data vault

– Product descriptions
– Prices 10 years
& $1 billion
– Sales rankings to build

– Customer reviews
– Inventory figures
– Countless other layers of content

5-46
 Amazon, eBay, and Google

 Amazon opened its data vault in 2002

– 65,000 developers, businesses, and
entrepreneurs have tapped into it
– Many have become business partners

 eBay opened its $3 billion databases in 2003

– 15,000 developers and others have registered
to use it and to access software features
– 1,000 new applications have appeared
– 41 percent of eBay’s listings are uploaded to
the site using these resources
5-47
 Amazon, eBay, and Google

 Google recently unlocked access to its

desktop and paid-search products
– Dozens of Google-driven services cropped up
– Developers can grab 1,000 search results a
day for free; anything more requires
permission
– In 2005, the Ad-Words paid-search service
was opened to outside applications

5-48