Quantum Chemistry - Part 3

Periodic Trends
Ions Kahoot!
Link Here
 AP Topic Review
“God bless College Board” - No AP student ever
Things to know: Orbital Blocks
Things to know: Aufbau Principle

Electrons fill atomic orbitals of the lowest energy level (in their
ground state) before occupying higher energy ones.
 Quantum
Things to know: Hund’s Rule Alert

If more than one orbital in a subshell (p, d, f, etc.) is available,

add electrons with parallel spins to different orbitals in that
subshell before pairing two electrons in the same orbital.
Things to know: Pauli Exclusion Principle

No two electrons can have the same four quantum numbers.

 Orbital Energies
“One of the many sh*tty things about physical
chemistry - ochem for life” - Ludi Wang
Electron Shielding

Note: Shielding does not mean that an electron is “blocking” the attraction between
the nucleus and an electron. It only provides additional repulsive forces that raise the
energy of an electron, thus partially canceling the attractive force of the nucleus.
Electron Penetration

Definition: Relative electron density near nucleus

↑ Penetration =

↑ Shielding Effect, ↑ Zeff (attraction) , ↓ Energy

 Just Because
Orbital Filling at 3d and 4s - Intro Alert

Sc [Ar] 3d14s2

Ti [Ar] 3d24s2

V [Ar] 3d34s2

Mn [Ar] 3d54s2

Fe [Ar] 3d64s2

Co [Ar] 3d74s2
Orbital Filling at 3d and 4s - Construction
Scandium Vanadium
Sc3+ [Ar] V5+ [Ar]

Sc2+ [Ar] 3d1 V4+ [Ar] 3d1

Sc1+ [Ar] 3d14s1 V3+ [Ar] 3d2

Sc [Ar] 3d14s2 V2+ [Ar] 3d3

V1+ [Ar] 3d4

V [Ar] 3d34s2
 Just Because
Orbital Filling at 3d and 4s - Cu and Cr Alert

Chromium Copper
Cr [Ar] 3d54s1 Cu [Ar] 3d104s1
Apply your Knowledge

48. An orbital has the radial wavefunction shown

below. What orbital is it?

- (A) 1s
- (B) 2s
- (C) 3s
- (D) 4s
 Periodicity
“Ah sh*t, here we go again” - Anonymous
Effective Nuclear Charge
Atomic Radius - Elements
Atomic Radius - Ions
Atomic Radius - Ions (cont’d)
Critical Thinking Checkpoint

Local Exam, 2016

B
Critical Thinking Checkpoint
National MC, 2019

48. Aluminum has a smaller first ionization energy than magnesium. Which is the best
explanation for this observation?
- (A) Al has an odd number of electrons, while Mg has an even number of electrons.
- (B) Al has more valence electrons than Mg.
- (C) The highest-energy electron in Al has less electron density near the nucleus than the
highest-energy electron in Mg.
- (D) The highest-energy electron in Al is on average farther from the nucleus than the
highest-energy electron in Mg.

C (penetration)
Ionization Energy - Intro

X(g) → X+(g) + e-(g)

I = E(X+) - E(X)
X = an element
I = Ionization energy (eV (1.602 ⋅ 10-19 J) or kJ/mol)

Minimum energy needed to remove an electron from an

atom in its gas phase.
Ionization Energy - Periodic Trends
Ionization Energy (cont’d)

Exceptions
Real World Applications (or not)
Local Exam, 2016

C
Real World Applications (or not)

National MC, 2016

44. Rank the elements Si, P, Ge, and As in

increasing order of their first ionization energies.
- (A) Si < P < Ge < As
- (B) As < Ge < P < Si
- (C) Ge < Si < As < P
- (D) Ge < As < Si < P C
Electron Affinity - Intro

X(g) + e-(g) → X-(g)

Eea(X) = E(X) - E(X-)
X = an element
Eea(X) = Ionization energy (eV or kJ/mol)

Change in energy when an electron is added to a gas phase

atom.
Electron Affinity (cont’d)
Exceptions Important Stuff
- Negative Eea(X) = exothermic

- Second Electron Affinity always

endothermic

- Electron Affinity ≠ Electronegativity

- Nonmetals = high electron affinities

All signs are backwards

Electron Affinity - Periodic Trends
Check your Understanding

Local Exam, 2017

44. Addition of an electron to a gas-phase Si atom results in the release of more energy
than addition of an electron to a gas-phase P atom. What is the best explanation for their
relative electron affinities?
- (A) The electron added to Si experiences less electron-electron repulsion than the
electron added to P.
- (B) The electron added to Si enters a lower-energy subshell than the electron added to
P.
- (C) Si is more electronegative than P.
- (D) Si is smaller than P.
A
Inert-Pair Effect
 Recap!
- Orbital-filling rules and 3d-4s exceptions

- Periodic trends of atomic radii, ionization energies, and

electron affinities

- Exceptions to those trends and their reasons

 For Next Week…

Factoid Sheet 3
Thank you!