Delta Mahakam - PERHAPI Kaltim

Potential Economic Deposit
in Kutai Basin
July 03, 2018
Fajar Alam
– Independent Geologist
– Chairman of Indonesian Association of Geologist East Kalimantan Chapter
Overview
 Geological Setting & Lithology
Formation
 Coal Introduction
 Exploration-Exploitation History
 Coal Concession
 Quality Trend
 Conclusion
Kutai Basin Setting
 Mangkalihat High, Kuching High,
Meratus-Paternoster, Makassar
Strait
 Adang Fault, Bengalun-
Mangkalihat Fault
 160.000 km2 area
 South China Sea subduction
 Meratus subduction
 Banggai-Sula docking
Geological Setting &
Lithology Formation
 Upper Kutai - Lower Kutai

 NNE-SSW structural trend
Application Sedimentology for Coal Geologist and Coal Exploration

GDA Consulting for Sinergy Consultancy Services, 2013
- Delta Plain Morphology and Environment of Delta
Dominated by Fluvial Processes & all
terrestrial characters (Subaerial Delta)
ALLUVIAL PLAIN
MEANDERING
/ TRIBUTARY
/ FLUVIAL
- Delta Front
HEAD OF PASSES
Indicated by Fluvial & Marine Processes
(Subaerial & Subaquaeous Delta)
INTER DISTRIBUTARY
DISTRIBUTARY
- Pro Delta
Dominated by Marine Processes
(Subaquaeous Delta) DELTA PLAIN
Lithology Formation
MOUTH BAR
DELTA FRONT
(Allen, GP 1998) PRODELTA

Deposition Phase Kutai Basin
First Phase
• During Eocene-Oligocene period
• Deposition of thick siliciclastic sequence
• Mostly shale, deposited in deep (bathyal) water
• Primary provanance from northern & southern part
Second Phase
• Commenced Early Miocene period
• Deposition of extensive series of alluvial and deltaic deposits & prograde eastward
• Sedimentation pattern, which still continues, represented by modern delta complex
Lithology Formation
at mouth of Mahakam River

• Primary provenance appears to the west (Kuching High)
Adapted from
Tertiary Coal Belt in Eastern Kalimantan, Indonesia: the Influence of Coal Quality on Coal Utilisation
Bukin Daulay, 1994, University of Wollongong
Kutai Basin Stratigraphic Correlation
Time Scale
Depositional Phase
Age Period Bio Zone A. MARGIN B. NE KUTAI C. CENTRAL KUTAI D. COASTAL KUTAI E. OFFSHORE KUTAI
E LEL
N23
N22
Mid Miocene to Recent N21
Plio
Delta Agradation, Kutai
Tg-h
N19-N20 Depocentre
Progradation and 5 N18 Lakes Discoveries
Inversion N14 - N21 N17 Metualang Volcanics kam
Inversion aha
Late
Tf 2-3
theM
10 N16
Several Inversion pulses, of
Miocene
N15 eld
generally young to east s fi elta
Mid
Mid Miocene Delta N10-N14 a
dG D
Tf 1
Agradation, N9
Inversion Oi l an
15 N8
Inversion N9 - N14 N7
Early
Te 5
N6
Early Miocene Delta N5
Progradation, Agradation 20 N4 Deep Marine - Turbidite
and Inversion N6 - N9
N3
Carbonate
Late O ligocene to
Te 1-4
O pen Marine
Late
Early Miocene 25
Oligocene
Sintang Igneous Activity

Inversion N2 Delta Front - Prodelta
30 Delta Plain - Delta Front
Minor extension, Lower Kutai Basin
Late Eocene to N1 Fluvial - Delta Plain
Early
Tc -d
Early O ligocene Sag

P19 - P20 Karendan Gas Coarse Clastic
35
P 18
0
60 110 1140 1160
P 17
Sabah
Late
40 P 16 500 kms
Eocene
40
P 15
P 14
Lithology Formation
P 13 20 A
Middle
45 P 12 B
Middle to Late Eocene More marine
P 11
Syn-Rift Nyaan O il seeps & Tanjung dominated C
P 10 production
Volcanics eastern rifts D E
-2 0
N-S, NNE-SSW & NE-SW O il field
extensional depocentre Gas field
Diagram of Kutai Basin stratigraphic correlation (Moss and Chambers, 1999)

Notice: the deltaic sedimentary fill progradation from west to east started from Early Miocene
Multi delta scenario
in Miocene (12 Mya)
Marangkayu Delta
Mahakam Delta
Wain Delta
Lithology Formation
Application Sedimentology for Coal Geologist

and Coal Exploration
GDA Consulting for Sinergy Consultancy Services,
Longikis Delta 2013
Regional Stratigraphy of Kutai Basin
Lithology Formation
Application Sedimentology for Coal Geologist and Coal Exploration

Sandi Stratigrafi Indonesia
Pembagian Litostratigrafi dimaksud untuk menggolongkan batuan di bumi secara

bersistem menjadi satuan-satuan bernama yang bersendi pada ciri-ciri litologi. Pada
Satuan Litostratigrafi penentuan satuan didasarkan pada ciri-ciri batuan yang dapat
diamati di lapangan. Penentuan batas penyebaran tidak tergantung kepada batas
waktu.
TINGKAT-TINGKAT SATUAN LITOSTRATIGRAFI
Urutan tingkat satuan litostratigraf resmi, masing-masing dari besar sampai

kecil ialah :
Lithology Formation
 Kelompok
 Formasi
 Anggota
Source: Sandi Stratigrafi Indonesia Edisi 1996
Komisi Sandi Stratigrafi Indonesia - Ikatan Ahli Geologi Indonesia
Sandi Stratigrafi Indonesia
FORMASI (BATUAN)
Formasi adalah satuan dasar dalam pembagian satuan litostartigrafi.
Penjelasan :
• Formasi harus memiliki keseragaman atau ciri-ciri litologi yang nyata, baik terdiri dari
satu macam jenis batuan, perulangan dari dua jenis batuan atau lebih.
• Formasi dapat tersingkap di permukaan, berkelanjutan ke bawah permukaan atau
seluruhnya di bawah permukaan.
• Formasi haruslah mempunyai nilai stratigrafi yang memiliki daerah cukup luas dan
lazimnya dapat dipetakan pada skala 1 : 25.000.
• Tebal suatu Formasi berkisar antara kurang dari satu meter sampai beberapa ribu
Lithology Formation
meter, oleh karena itu ketebalan bukanlah suatu syarat pembatasan Formasi.
Source: Sandi Stratigrafi Indonesia Edisi 1996

Komisi Sandi Stratigrafi Indonesia - Ikatan Ahli Geologi Indonesia
Geological Formation on Middle – South Kutai Basin
Lithology Formation
Source: Supriatna, S., Sukardi dan Rustandi, 1995, Peta Geologi Bersistem, Lembar Samarinda, Kalimantan: Pusat Penelitian dan Pengembangan Geologi,
Bandung, skala 1:250.000, 1 lembar
Lithology Formation
Supriatna, S., Sukardi dan Rustandi, 1995, Peta Geologi Bersistem, Lembar Samarinda, Kalimantan: Pusat Penelitian dan Pengembangan Geologi, Bandung,
skala 1:250.000, 1 lembar
Lithology Formation
Supriatna, S., Sukardi dan Rustandi, 1995, Peta Geologi Bersistem, Lembar Samarinda, Kalimantan: Pusat Penelitian dan Pengembangan Geologi, Bandung,
Geological Formation on Middle – North Kutai Basin
Holocene
Pleistocene
Pliocene
Upper
Miocene
Middle
Lower
Oligocene
Upper
Lithology Formation
Lower
Eocene
Upper
Lower
Paleocene
Sukardi, N. Sikumbang, I. Umar dan R. Sunaryo, 1995, Peta Geologi Lembar Sangatta, Kalimantan: Pusat Penelitian dan Pengembangan Geologi, Bandung,
Holocene
Pleistocene
Pliocene
Upper
Miocene
Middle
Lower
Oligocene
Upper
Lithology Formation
Lower
Eocene
Upper
Lower
Paleocene
Holocene
Pleistocene
Pliocene
Upper
Miocene
Middle
Lower
Oligocene
Upper
Lithology Formation
Lower
Eocene
Upper
Lower
Paleocene
Holocene
Pleistocene
Pliocene
Upper
Miocene
Middle
Lower
Oligocene
Upper
Lithology Formation
Lower
Eocene
Upper
Lower
Paleocene
Keys Fact on Eastern Kalimantan Geological Map
Produced by Indonesian Government
• Produced by “Pusat Penelitian dan Pengembangan
Geologi” (Geological Research and Development Center -
GRDC) Bandung
• Based on aerial photographs, Landsat, field data,
topographic maps of various sources
• Field mapping on 1978 for Samarinda Sheet
• Map compilation done by Cartography-Publication Section
GRDC on 1994
• Typical coal quality range for ‘coal – not yet coal’
influenced by active coal mining around 1990’s of mostly
bituminous - subbituminous coal
Lithology Formation
Coal Introduction Coal Genesis & Coal Rank
Coal Depositional Environment : Fluvial Meandering Model
1. Presence on the flood plain, crevasse splay and

oxbow lake
Coal Introduction
2. The coal could be papery, blocky splitting with

sand, and wide distribution (foreland basin)
3. Amber and hard wood are commonly observed
4. Low sulphur and high ash content
Source: Application Sedimentology for Coal Geologist and Coal Exploration

Coal Depositional Environment : Lacustrine Model
Lacustrine deposits are sedimentary rock formations which

formed in the bottom of ancient lakes.
• River or stream channel has carried sediment into the

Coal Introduction
basin.
• Including rift graben lakes, oxbow lakes, glacial lakes,
and crater lakes.
• Large bodies of water.
• Mainly composed of low-energy particle sizes.
• Typically very well sorted with highly laminated beds of
silts, clays, and occasionally carbonates
Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lacustrine_deposits GDA Consulting for Sinergy Consultancy Services, 2013
Coal Depositional Environment : Delta Plain Model
Delta Plain Model
thick bed
10
sandstone
m
Upper
delta
plain Lower
Sequence
0.5
coal
m
delta
Boundary plain
Coal Introduction

Coal Depositional Environment : Delta Front Model
Delta Front Model
DELTA
FRONT
Coal Introduction
DELTA – DEEP MARINE MODEL

Coal Depositional Environment : Upper Delta Front Model
Upper Delta Front Model
Gamma Ray
Summary of
Log
Stratigrahpic
Column of Outcrop 3b
shale
Coal (in upper delta front)

Coal (high GR)
Limestone Oyster bed, also bivalve (in log
usually interpreted as limestone)
Coal (high GR) Upper Delta
Coal (in upper delta front) Front Coal
deposition site
Coal Introduction
shale
Example of correlation from outcrop to GR Log

Usually, correlation use limestone as flooding surface. In deltaic environment,
correlation is better use (upper) delta front coal (in log indicates by High
Gamma Ray) since it has more widespread lateral distribution.
Coal Depositional Environment : Shallow Marine Model
Shallow Marine Model
Coal Introduction

Coal Depositional Environment : Deep Marine Model
Deep Marine Model
Coal Introduction

Coal Introduction Coal Reading on Geophysical Log
Source: Log Analysis for Mining Applications

David Firth
Coal Introduction Coal Reading on Geophysical Log
Source: Log Analysis for Mining Applications

David Firth
Coal Quality of Mining Companies on 1990’s
TM IM Ash VM TS Gross CV Calorific Value (kcal/kg)

Mine Company Coal Rank
% arb % adb % adb % adb % adb kcal/kg arb From To
Parambahan Allied Indo Coal 4 10 (ar) 37.3 (ar) 0.5 (ar) 6900
Bituminous - 7,800
Prima Kaltim Prima Coal 9 4 39 0.5 6800
Hi Volatile A
Satui Arutmin 10 7 8 41.5 0.8 6600
Ombilin Bukit Asam 12 6.5 <8 36.5 0.5-0.6 6500 Bituminous - 7,300 7,800
Petangis BHP Kendilo 11 4.4 12 40.5 0.8 6300 Hi Volatile B
Pinang Kaltim Prima Coal 13 7 37.5 0.4 6200 Bituminous - 6,400 7,300
Senakin Arutmin 9 4 15 39.5 0.7 6100 Hi Volatile C
Binungan Berau Coal 18 14 4.2 40.1 0.5 5900
Paringin Adaro 24 18 4 40 0.1 5600 Sub- 5,900 6,400
bituminous A
Lati Berau Coal 24.6 16 4.3 37.8 0.9 5300
Air Laya Bukit Asam 24 5.3 34.6 0.49 5300 Sub- 5,300 5,900
Roto South Kideco 24 3 40 0.2 5200 bituminous B
Coal Introduction
Sub- 4,700 5,300

Source: bituminous C
M. C. Friederich, R. P. Langford, T. A. Moore, 1999, The Geological Setting of Indonesian Coal Lignite A 3,600 4,700
Deposits, The AusIMM Proceedings, p. 23-29
Lignite B 2,800 3,600
Source:
Adapted from http://www.uky.edu/. Unit kcal/kg converted from Btu/lbs, probably on air dried basis
• 1990’s coal mining mostly at Sub-bituminous A to Bituminous-High Volatile C grade

• Less than 4700 kcal/kg calorific value are Lignite and pretend to be Not Yet Coal at the time
Mineral Resources Pyramid
1990’s coal mining

quality trend
2000’s coal mining

quality trend
Source:
http://history.alberta.ca/energyheritage/coal/early-
Coal Introduction
coal-history-to-1900/global-coal-formation/coal-
properties.aspx
Source: http://scitizen.com/future-energies/energy-the-
achilles-heel-of-the-resource-pyramid_a-14-2760.html
• Higher quality coal tend to decrease as being extracted with less available resources
• More end-user now able to receive lower quality coal with more abundant resources
Coal Exploration History of Kutai Basin on Dutch Era
Period Event
1845-1846 Coal found downstream of Samarinda (in Pelarang), commissioned by Von Dewall
Von Dewall found coal seams in four rivers: Karang Asam Kecil (Samarinda),
Karbomo (probably Kerbau River, Samarinda), Sanga-Sanga & Dondang (Kutai
1847
Kartanegara). Pelarang & Karang Asam Kecil coal were tested, resulting on suitable
Exploration – Exploitation History
for boiler fuel

1848 Coal discovered near Gunung Tabur (Berau)
Coal was discovered on the island of Tarakan, near the mouth of the river
1851
Sibawang.
1852 C. de Groot sent to Kutai to investigate the coal beds closely
1881 Mine engineer sent to Gunung Tabur to examine coal beds more closely
Hooze found four coal districts in Samarinda (supervised by Nagel on April –
1883
November 1883)
Source:
Theodor Posewitz, 1889, Borneo. Entdeckungsreisen und Untersuchungen. Gegenwartiger Stand der geologischen Kenntnisse. Verbreitung der nutzbaren
Mineralien, R. Friedlander & Sohn, Berlin
Exploration – Exploitation History Coal Exploitation History of Kutai Basin on Dutch Era
Source:
Theodor Posewitz, 1889, Borneo. Entdeckungsreisen und Untersuchungen. Gegenwartiger Stand der geologischen Kenntnisse. Verbreitung der nutzbaren
Mineralien, R. Friedlander & Sohn, Berlin
Coal Production on Dutch Era
Estimated
Location Regency Period Reference
Production (MT)
Theodor Posewitz, 1889, Borneo. Entdeckungsreisen und
Untersuchungen. Gegenwartiger Stand der geologischen
Palaran Samarinda 1860 - 1872
26,900 Kenntnisse. Verbreitung der nutzbaren Mineralien, R. Friedlander
& Sohn, Berlin
Carl Bock, 1882, The Head-Hunters of Borneo: A Narrative of
Travel up the Mahakkam and Down the Barito; also,
Batu Panggal Samarinda 1880's unknown
Journeyings in Sumatra, Sampson Low, Marston, Searle, &

Rivington
Kutai
Loa Kulu Kartanegara
1891-1941
3,483,522
Parapattan Berau 1918-1941
4,632,624
Kutai
Loa Bukit Kartanegara
1918-1941
837,728
Gunung Tabur Berau 1928-1929
1,000
Kutai Van Bemmelen, 1949, The Geology of Indonesia Vol II Economic
Loa Tebu Kartanegara
1919-1941
471,278 Geology, Government Printing Office, The Hague
Kutai
Tuayan Kartanegara
1918-1941
125,787
Kutai
Batu Dinding Kartanegara
1934-1941
26,930
Penajam
Pulau Balang Paser Utara
1929-1940
1,251
Pasir Pasir 1919-1924
4,300
Exploration – Exploitation History Coal Exploitation History of Kutai Basin on Dutch Era
Source:
Theodor Posewitz, 1889, Borneo. Entdeckungsreisen und Untersuchungen. Gegenwartiger Stand der
geologischen Kenntnisse. Verbreitung der nutzbaren Mineralien, R. Friedlander & Sohn, Berlin
Coal mining area of Dutch era

Tunnel at Teluk Lerong; entered on November 2015
in Samarinda
Coal Exploration - Exploitation History of Kutai Basin on Republic of Indonesia Government
Start Date for Resources/
Retained Area
Company CCOW Signing Commercial Expiration Date Initial Area (ha) Reserves (Million Remark
(ha)
Production Ton)
Kaltim Prima Coal 8-Apr-82 1991 2021 790,900 90,960 6.0/1.6 CCoW 1st Gen.
Kideco 14-Sep-82 1993 2023 254,804 50,400 3.8/na CCoW 1st Gen.
Berau 26-Apr-83 1994 2024 487,217 118,400 2.5/na CCoW 1st Gen.
Multi Harapan
Utama 29-Nov-86 1990 2020 189,954 47,232 0.12/na CCoW 1st Gen.
Tanito Harum 30-Jan-87 1989 2019 125,412 35,757 0.07/na CCoW 1st Gen.
Indominco
Mandiri 8-Oct-90 1997 2027 99,922 25,000 1.5/0.24 CCoW 1st Gen.
Gunung Bayan
Pratama Coal 15-Aug-94 1998 2028 100,000 24,546 169/23.2 CCoW 2nd Gen.
Indexim Coalindo 15-Aug-94 1997 2027 100,000 24,050 128/na CCoW 2nd Gen.
Kartika Selabumi
Mining 15-Aug-94 2003 2033 100,000 17,550 45.1/na CCoW 2nd Gen.
Mandiri
Intiperkasa 15-Aug-94 2003 2033 50,000 9,240 88.5/25.7 CCoW 2nd Gen.
Trubaindo Coal
Mining 15-Aug-94 2005 2035 94,415 23,650 na/80.8 CCoW 2nd Gen.
Sources: Indonesian Coal Books, 2003/2004, 2004/2005, 2006/2007, and 2008/2009 (www.petromindo.com), and Barlow Jonker, ―Coal Supply Series
Indonesia 2005‖ (15th ed.).
Recent Coal Concession
Million tons Million tons

Coal Concesion
Various Coal Quality by Area
Area Marangkayu Muara Badak Muara Wahau Tenggarong Karangan • Marangkayu
Quality From To From To From To From To From To
TM (% ar) 22.60 35.60 36.50 39.20 39.80 43.10 6.00 13.50 21.20 25.30 • Muara Badak
IM (% ad) 14.60 21.60 17.20 22.30 14.30 26.10 4.30 9.00 16.20 21.60 • Muara Wahau
Ash (% ad) 1.00 5.20 1.00 8.30 2.80 3.70 0.40 7.30 1.40 14.10
VM (% ad) 37.50 42.30 38.00 44.20 37.30 42.00 35.30 39.40 • Tenggarong
FC (% ad)
TS (% ad)
35.40
0.90
42.70
2.20
33.00
1.40
36.40
2.40
33.50
0.20
40.70
0.20 0.10 3.40
29.20
0.50
39.10
2.10
• Karangan
CV (kcal/kg adb) 5100 5800 4600 5500 4700 5400 6500 7500 4600 5700
CV (kcal/kg ar) 4300 5300 3700 4200 3700 3900 6200 7300 4400 5400
RD (ton/m³) 1.38 1.40 1.28 1.42
# data 27 7 4 32 14
Area Loa Janan Long Daliq Lati Long Iram 1 Long Iram 2 • Loa Janan
TM (% ar) 17.30 30.90 35.30 41.70 14.20 17.20 39.10 45.40 6.10 7.70 • Long Daliq
IM (% ad) 8.20 11.30 8.50 10.60 13.90 16.60 15.40 26.30 5.40 6.50 • Lati
Ash (% ad) 1.00 3.30 1.30 9.50 1.60 4.20 1.70 5.00 1.50 8.10
•
Quality Trend
VM (% ad) 42.20 48.20 42.90 45.10 37.30 38.90 34.80 49.40 39.70 43.80 Long Iram 1
FC (% ad)
TS (% ad)
38.70
0.10
47.50
1.50
38.10
0.30
44.30
0.50
42.70
0.30
45.10
1.80
41.50
0.10
56.10
0.80
45.70
0.30
49.80
2.30
• Long Iram 2
CV (kcal/kg adb) 5400 6500 5300 6000 5600 6000 4500 5700 6800 7300
CV (kcal/kg ar) 4200 5800 3500 4200 5500 5900 3300 4100 6700 7200 Source:
Adapted various published
RD (ton/m³) 1.33 1.41 1.39 1.46
(PSDG Bandung) & un-
# data 12 5 9 11 3 published report
Various Coal Quality by Area
Area Muara Kaman Marah Haloq Kuala Samboja

Menamang
Kanan Tering
• Muara Kaman
Quality From To From To From To From To From To • Marah Haloq
TM (% ar)
IM (% ad)
11.00
8.50
11.00
8.50
37.50
10.00
54.20
11.40
14.60
6.70
18.70
9.40
20.40
5.60
25.30
8.30
6.60
1.80
11.10
7.10
• Kuala Samboja
Ash (% ad) 4.70 4.70 2.90 9.40 2.00 2.60 1.30 3.50 0.90 4.80 • Menamang
VM (% ad) 40.60 40.60 44.10 48.80 44.60 47.40 34.80 49.40 41.20 44.10
FC (% ad) 46.40 46.40 34.90 38.80 41.40 46.10 41.50 56.10 48.60 51.10 Kanan
TS (% ad) 1.20 1.20 0.20 0.30 0.50 2.10 0.30 1.80 0.50 2.80 • Tering
CV (kcal/kg adb) 6800 6800 5100 5600 5600 6800 6200 6800 7100 7500
CV (kcal/kg ar) 6600 6600 2800 3700 5100 6100 5000 5800 6600 7400
RD (ton/m³) 1.31 1.31 1.41 1.46 1.30 1.46 1.34 1.40
# data 1 9 6 11 12
Area Sungai Apan Loa Janan 1 Loa Janan 2 Senyiur Long Lees • Sungai Apan
TM (% ar) 6.40 11.60 20.60 32.20 16.10 31.10 49.90 56.80 40.60 47.70 • Loa Janan 1
IM (% ad) 2.50 4.10 10.00 11.90 8.80 10.80 11.30 20.60 12.50 15.60 • Loa Janan 2
Ash (% ad) 3.40 13.30 0.20 7.10 0.90 4.00 2.80 6.10 3.30 6.40
•
Quality Trend
VM (% ad) 38.00 54.30 42.50 46.80 42.60 47.90 40.70 48.80 43.20 46.10 Senyiur
FC (% ad)
TS (% ad)
40.00
0.80
44.80
2.60
37.60
0.30
44.30
0.70
39.30
1.40
46.00
3.00
26.00
0.10
44.20
0.30
33.70
0.20
39.50
0.20
• Long Lees
CV (kcal/kg adb) 6200 7900 5500 6300 5800 6500 4800 5700 5300 5600
CV (kcal/kg ar) 5700 7600 4300 5400 4500 6000 2700 3100 3300 3700 Source:
Adapted various published
RD (ton/m³) 1.21 1.42 1.36 1.40 1.32 1.40 1.32 1.32 1.38 1.40
(PSDG Bandung) & un-
# data 2 17 19 6 3 published report
Conclusion
• Regional geological map is good enough for general overview of coal economic
potential, but need to be adapted carefully during recent situation (wider
market for wider coal range, better satellite image, fast changing topography,
etc.)
• Better understand of basic geology & good database (exploration history, tenure
data, approximate coal quality & quantity) will lead to effective exploration stage
& tight decision for expanding company

Delta Mahakam - PERHAPI Kaltim

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Potential Economic Deposit

 Upper Kutai - Lower Kutai

Application Sedimentology for Coal Geologist and Coal Exploration

(Allen, GP 1998) PRODELTA

at mouth of Mahakam River

Sintang Igneous Activity

Early O ligocene Sag

Diagram of Kutai Basin stratigraphic correlation (Moss and Chambers, 1999)

Application Sedimentology for Coal Geologist

Application Sedimentology for Coal Geologist and Coal Exploration

Pembagian Litostratigrafi dimaksud untuk menggolongkan batuan di bumi secara

TINGKAT-TINGKAT SATUAN LITOSTRATIGRAFI

Urutan tingkat satuan litostratigraf resmi, masing-masing dari besar sampai

Formasi adalah satuan dasar dalam pembagian satuan litostartigrafi.

Source: Sandi Stratigrafi Indonesia Edisi 1996

1. Presence on the flood plain, crevasse splay and

2. The coal could be papery, blocky splitting with

Source: Application Sedimentology for Coal Geologist and Coal Exploration

Lacustrine deposits are sedimentary rock formations which

• River or stream channel has carried sediment into the

Source: Application Sedimentology for Coal Geologist and Coal Exploration

DELTA – DEEP MARINE MODEL

Source: Application Sedimentology for Coal Geologist and Coal Exploration

Coal (in upper delta front)

Example of correlation from outcrop to GR Log

Source: Application Sedimentology for Coal Geologist and Coal Exploration

Source: Application Sedimentology for Coal Geologist and Coal Exploration

Source: Log Analysis for Mining Applications

Source: Log Analysis for Mining Applications

TM IM Ash VM TS Gross CV Calorific Value (kcal/kg)

Sub- 4,700 5,300

• 1990’s coal mining mostly at Sub-bituminous A to Bituminous-High Volatile C grade

1990’s coal mining

2000’s coal mining

for boiler fuel

Journeyings in Sumatra, Sampson Low, Marston, Searle, &

Coal mining area of Dutch era

Million tons Million tons

Area Muara Kaman Marah Haloq Kuala Samboja

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