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practice lecture
Nursing as a professional
Profession – is defined as an occupation that
requires extensive education or calling that
requires special knowledge, skill, and preparation.
What is Nursing?
Nursing is an art and science.
as a professional nurse, you will learn to deliver care
artfully with compassion, caring, and a respect for each
client’s dignity and personhood.
As a science, nursing is based on a body of knowledge that
is continually changing with new discoveries and
innovations.
Characteristics of Nursing
1. Nursing is caring
2. Nursing involves close personal contact with the
recipient of care
3. Nursing is concerned with services that take humans
into account as physiological, psychological, and
sociological organisms
4. Nursing is committed to personalized services for all
persons without regard to color, creed, social, or
economic status
5. Nursing is committed in promoting individual, family,
community, and national health goals in its best manner
possible
6. Nursing is committed to involvement in ethical, legal, and
political issues in the delivery of health care.
BABYLONIANS
1st recording of the medical practice
Established the medical fees
Discouraged experimentation
Specific doctors for each disease
Right of patient to choose treatment between the use of
charms, medicine, or surgical procedures
EGYPTIANS
Art of Embalming
Mummification
Removing the internal organ of the dead body
Instillation of herbs and salt to the dead
Used to enhance their knowledge of the human anatomy.
Documentation of 250 diseases and treatments
HEBREW
TEACHING OF MOSES
Created Leviticus
Father of sanitation
Practice the value of “Hospitality to Strangers” and the “Act of
Charity” – contained in the book of the Old Testament
Laws governing cleanliness
Law on preparation of food
Purification of man and his food
The ritual of CIRCUMCISSION – on the 8th day afyer birth
MOSAIC LAW
Meant to keep Hebrews pure so that they may enter the
sanctuary without affronting God
Meant as a survival for health and hygienic reason only
CHINA
Use of pharmacologic drugs
“MATERIA MEDICA”
BOOK THAT INDICATE THE PHARMACOLOGIC DRUGS USED FOR
TREATMENT
No knowledge on anatomy
Use of wax to preserve the body of the dead
Method of paper making
FACTOR THAT HAMPERED THE ADVANCEMENT OF MEDICINE
PROHIBITS DISSECTING OF HUMAN BODY THUS THWARTING
SCIENTIFIC STUDY
INDIA
SUSHURUTO
1st recording on the nursing practice
Hampered by Taboos due to social structures and practices of
animal worship
Medicine men built hospitals
Intuitive form of asepsis
There was proficient practice of Medicine and Surgery
NURSES QUALIFICATIONS: Lay brothers, Priest nurses,
combination of pharmacist, PT, cooks
There was also decline in Medical practice due to fall of
Buddhism – state religion of India
GREECE
AESCULAPUS
- father of Medicine
HIPPOCRATES
- Father of Modern Medicine
- 1st to reject the idea that diseases are caused by evil
spirits
- 1st to apply assessment
- Practice medical ethics
CADUSEUS
- Insignia of medicine
- Composed of staff of travelers interwined with 2 serpent (the
symbol of Aesculapus and his healing power). At the apex of the staff
are two wings of hermes (Mercury) for speed.
-- Nurses – function of untrained slaves
ROMANS
THEODORE FLIEDNER
A pastor, reconstituted the deaconesses and laterat be established
the School of Nursing at Kaiserswerth, Germany where Florence
Nigthingale had her 1st formal training for 3 months as nurse.
FLORENCE NIGHTINGALE
Practice her profession during the Crimean War
Lady with a Lamp
From a well-known family
Went to Germany to study
FLORENCE NIGHTINGALE
Mother of Modern Nursing
Lady with the Lamp
Born on May 12, 1820 in Florence, Italy
Her Self-Appointed Goal – to change the profile of Nurisng
She complied notes of her visit to hospitals, her observations of
sanitation practices and entered Deaconesses School of Nursing
at Kaiserswerth, Germany for 3 months
Continuation
Became the Superintendent of the Establishment for Gentle
Women during the illness(refers to the ill governess or
instructors of Nursing
She disapproved restriction on admission of patient and
considered this unchristian and contrary to health care.
Upgraded the practice of Nursing and made Nursing a Honorable
Profession
Led other Nurses in taking care wounded and sick soldiers during
the Crimean War
She was designated as Superintendent of the Female
Establishment of English General Hospital in Turkey during the
Crimean War
She reduced the casualties of war by 42% - 2% thru her effort by
improving the practice of sanitation techniques
THE CONCEPT OF FLORENCE NIGHTINGALE ON NURSING SCHOOLS
School of Nursing should be self-supporting not subject to the
whimps of the hospitals
Have decent living quarters for students and pay Nurse
instructors
Correlate theories to practice
Support Nursing Research and promote continuing education for
Nurses
Introduce teaching knowledge that diseases could eliminated by
cleanliness and sanitation and Florence Nightingale likewise did
not believed in the Germ Theory of Bacterilogy
Continuation
Opposed central registry of Nurses
Wrote notes on Nursing, “What is and What is not?”
Wrote notes on hospitals
JOSEPHINE BRACKEN
o Helped Rizal in treating sick people
MELCHORA AQUINO
o Took care of the wounded Katiponeros
CESARIA TAN
o 1st Filipino to receive Masteral Degree
SOCORRO SIRILAN
o Pioneer in social service at San Lazaro Hospital
o Also the Chief Nurse
FRANCISCO DELGADO
o 1st president of Filipino Nurses Association
SOCORRO DIAZ
o 1st editor of PNA magazine called, “The Magazine”
CONCHITA RUIZ
o Full time editor of PNA newly named magazine, “The
Filipino Nurse”
SOR RICARDA MENDOZA
o Pioneer in Nursing Education
LORETO TUPAZ
o “Dean of Philippine Nursing”
o Florence of Iloilo
5. COUNSELOR
Counselling is the process of helping a client to recognize
and cope with stressful psychological or social problems, to
develop improved interpersonal relationships, and to
promote personal growth. It involves providing emotional,
intellectual, and psychological support.
6. CHANGE AGENT
The nurse as a change agent when assisting the client to
make modification in their behavior. Nurses also often act to
make changes in a system, such as clinical care . It is not
helping a client return to health.
7. LEADER
a leader influences others to work together to accomplish a
specific goal. The leader role can be employed at different
levels: individual client, family, group of clients, colleagues,
or the community.
8. MANAGER
the nurse manages the nursing care of individuals, families,
and communities. The nurse manager also delegates nursing
activities to ancillary workers and other nurses, and
supervises and evaluates their performance
9. CASE MANAGER
Nurse care managers work with the multidisciplinary health
care team to measure the effectiveness of the care
management plan and to monitor outcomes. Each agency or
unit specify the role of the nurse case manager.
10. RESEARCH CONSUMER
nurses often use research to improve client care. in a
clinical area, nurses need to have some awareness of the
process and language of research. be sensitive to issues
related to protecting the rights of human subjects.
participate in the identification of significant researchable
problems. be a discriminating consumer of research
findings.
EXPANDED ROLES OF THE NURSE
NURSE PRACTITIONER
- a nurse who has an advance education and is a graduate
of a nurse practitioner program. Theses nurses are certified
by the American Nurses Credentialing Center in areas such as
adult nurse practitioner, school nurse practitioner, pediatric
nurse practitioner, or gerontology practitioner, they are
employed in helath care agencies or community-based
settings. They usually deal with nonemergency acute or
chronic illness and provide primary care.
CLINICAL NURSE SPECIALIST
- a nurse who has an advanced degree or expertise and is
considered to be an expert in a specialized area of practice.
The nurse provides direct client care. Educates others,
consults, conducts research, and manages care. The
American Nurses Credentialing Center provides national
certification of clinical specialist.
NURSE ANESTHETIST
- a nurse who has completed advanced education in an
accredited program in anesthesiology. The nurse anesthetist
carries out preoperative visits and assessment, and administers
general anesthetics for surgery under the supervision of a
physician prepared in anesthesiology. The nurse anesthetist
also assesses postoperative status of clients.
NURSE MIDWIFE
- an RN who has completed a program in midwifery and is
certified by the American College of Nurse Midwives. The nurse
gives prenatal and postnatal care and manages deliveries in
normal pregnancies. The midwife practices in associated with a
health care agency and can obtain medical services if
complications occur. The nurse midwife may also conduct
routine papnicolaou smears, family planning, and routine
breast examinations.
NURSE RESEARCHER
- nurse researcher investigate nursing problems to improve
nursing care and to refine and expand nursing knowledge. They
are employed in academic institutions, teaching hospitals and
research centers such as National Institute for Nursing
Research. Nurse researchers usually have advance education at
the doctoral level.
NURSE ADMINISTRATOR
- the nurse administrator manages client care, including
the delivery of nursing services. The administrator may have a
middle management position, such as head nurse or
supervisor, or a more senior management position, such as
director of nursing sevices. The functions of nurse
administrator include budgeting, staffing, and planning
programs. The educational preparation for nurse administrator
positions is at least a master’s or doctoral degree
NURSE EDUCATOR
- nurse educators are employed in nursing programs, at
educational institutions, and in hospital staff educator. The
nurse educator has a baccalaureate degree or more advanced
preparation and frequently has expertise in a particular area
of practice. The nurse educator is responsible for classroom
and often clinical teaching.
NURSE ENTREPRENEUR
- a nurse who usually has an advance degree and manages a
health related business. The nurse may be involved in
education, consultation, or research.
SCOPE OF NURSING
Scope of Nursing Practice based on RA 9173
Sec. 28 Scope of Nursing Practice – As independent
practitioners, nurses are primarily responsible for the
promotion of health and prevention of illness. As members of
the health team, nurses that collaborate with the health care
givers for the curative, prevention, and rahabilative aspects
of care, restoration of health, alleviate of suffering and when
recovery is not possible, toward a peaceful death.
Code of Ethics for Nurses
The code of ethics is the philosophical ideals of right and
wrong that define the principles you use to provide care to
your clients. A code of ethics is a set of guiding principles
that all members of a profession accept. It is a collective
statement about the group’s expectations and standards of
behavior. Codes serve as guidelines to assist professional
groups when questions arise about correct practice or
behavior.
American Nurses Association Code of Ethics
The nurse, in all professional relationships, practices
with compassion and respect for the inherent dignity,
worth, and uniqueness of every individual, unrestricted
by consideration of social or economic status, personal
attributes or the nature of health problem.
The nurse’s primary commitment is to the patient,
whether an individual, family, group, or community.
The nurse is responsible and accountable for individual
practice and determines the appropriate delegation of
tasks consistent with the nurse’s obligation to provide
patient care.
The nurse owes the same duties to self as to others,
including the responsibility to preserve integrity and
safety, to maintain competence, and to continue personal
and professional growth.
The nurse participates in establishing, maintaining, and
improving health care environments and conditions of
employment conducive to the provision of quality health
care and consistent with the values of the profession
through and collective action
The nurse participates in the advancement of the
profession through contributions to practice, education,
administration, and knowledge development
The nurse collaborates with other health professionals and
the public in promoting community, national, and
international efforts to meet health needs.
The profession of nursing represented by associations and
their members, is responsible for articulating nursing
values, for maintaining the integrity of the profession and
its practice, and for shaping social policy.
BASIC PRINCIPLES TO MAINTAIN INTEGRITY OF PROFESSION
Core
competency Core Core
1: Competency 2: Competency 3:
Provides sound
Demonstrates decision making in
knowledge base Promotes safety
the care of and comfort and
on the health /illness
status of individual / individuals / privacy of clients
Groups families/groups
considering their
beliefs and values
1. Safe and Quality Nursing
Care
Core
Competency Core Core
4: Competency 5: Competency 6:
Administers
Sets priorities in Ensures
nursing care based medications
continuity of
on clients’ needs and other
care
health
therapeutics
1. Safe and Quality Nursing
Care
Core
Competency
7:
Utilizes the
nursing
process as
framework for
nursing
2. Management of
Resources and Environment
Core
competency Core Core
1: Competency 2: Competency 3:
Establishes
Organizes work Utilizes mechanism to
load to facilitate financial ensure
client care resources to proper
support client functioning of
care equipment
2. Management of
Resources and Environment
Core
Competency
4:
Maintains a safe
environment
3. Health Education
Core
competency Core Core
1: Competency 2: Competency 3:
Develops
Assesses the health
Develops
learning needs education plan
learning
of the client based on
materials for
assessed and
partner health
anticipated
needs
3. Health Education
Core
Competency Core
4: Competency 5:
Core
competency Core Core
1: Competency 2: Competency 3:
5. Ethico-
Respects the
rights of
individual / groups
Adheres to the
Core Competency
2:
Responsibility national and
international code
of ethics for nurses
Accepts
responsibility
6. Personal and Professional
Development
Core
competency Core Core
1: Competency 2: Competency 3:
Core
Competency Core Core
4: Competency 5: Competency 6:
Possesses
Projects a positive Performs
professional function
attitude according to
image of the towards professional
nurse change and standards
criticism
7. Quality Improvement
Core
competency Core Core
1: Competency 2: Competency 3:
Participates Identifies
Gathers data in nursing
for quality and
improvement
audits and reports
rounds variances
7. Quality Improvement
Core
Competency
4:
Recommends
solutions to
identified
problems
8. Research
Core
competency Core Core
1: Competency 2: Competency 3:
Core
Competency Core
4: Competency 5:
Disseminates Applies
research findings in
results of
nursing practice
research findings
9. Records Management
Core
competency Core Core
1: Competency 2: Competency 3:
Observes
Maintains accurate legal
Records outcome
and updated
of client care imperatives
documentation of
client care in record
keeping
10. Communication
Core
competency Core Core
1: Competency 2: Competency 3:
Core
Competency Core
4: Competency 5:
Core
Competency Core
1: Competency 2:
Establishes
collaborative Collaborates plan of
relationship with care with other
colleagues and other members of the
members of the health team
health team