EVOLUTION OF ARTIFICIAL

HEART

GUIDE: Y RAMANJANEYULU
Mr.R KOTESWARA RAO MTECH ASSOT PROF. 16X91A0458
COORDINATOR: DEPARTMENT OF ECE
Mr.C LAXMANA SUDHEER MTECH ASSOT PROF.
HOD:
Mr. D JAYANAIDU M.E. ( Ph.D).
Professor
The Human Heart

 Heart has four

chambers
 Right chambers pump
blood to lungs to
receive oxygen
 Left chambers pump
oxygenated blood
from lungs to rest of
the body
 The Human Heart
 Right and left atria receive blood
 Right and left ventricles pump blood
 Valves produce one-way blood flow from
atria  ventricles  arteries
 Energy to pump blood comes from nutrients
and oxygen in blood
 The blood supply to the heart is provided by
coronary arteries
 Heart Disease
 Heart attack: blockage of coronary artery
damages portion of heart muscle
 Congestive heart failure: gradual weakening of
heart
 Millions suffer from heart disease
– Many cases are treatable with lifestyle changes, drugs
and/or surgery
– Surviving patients suffering from most severe cases
need new hearts!
 The Need for a Heart
Substitute
 100,000 Americans/year suffering from
severe heart disease need new hearts
 Only 2,000 patients receive heart
transplants
 Conclusion: many patients die waiting for a
new heart!
 A suitable alternative to donor hearts could
prolong thousands of lives
 History of Heart Substitutes

 WWII: first open heart

surgeries
 1953: heart-lung machine
successfully used during heart
surgery
 1958: Drs. Willem Kolff and
Tetsuzo Akutsu sustain a dog
for 90 minutes with a PVC
artificial heart
 1967: Dr. Christian Barnard
transplants a donor heart into a
59 year old man (he survived 18
days) PVC heart (1958) silicone heart (1965)
 History of Heart Substitutes

 1969: Dr. Denton Cooley uses

an artificial heart to sustain a
patient waiting for a donor
(survived 3 days)
 1972: Cyclosporine introduced
to suppress immune responses
of transplant recipients
 1982: Dr. William DeVries
implants the Jarvik-7 artificial
heart into Dr. Barney Clark (he
survived 112 days)
Liotta heart (1969) Jarvik-7 (1982)
 Why Heart Substitutes Fail

 Immune response “rejects” transplant or

side effects due to immune suppression
 Infection due to tubes and wires passing
through skin
 Formation of clots
 Damage to red blood cells
 Lack of pulsatile blood flow?
 Design Refinement

 Process is iterative Identify Problem

– You need to repeat various

steps after testing Specify Criteria
– Make design changes based
on test results
 Failed designs Implement Design
– Design didn’t meet criteria
– Could be due to Test Design
inappropriate criteria

Refine Design
 Criteria for a Heart Substitute
 Must fit into chest cavity and connect to atria,
pulmonary artery and aorta quickly
 Provide an adequate blood flow (8 – 10 liters/min)
 Send deoxygenated blood to the lungs and
oxygenated blood to the body
 Operate continuously for an indefinite period of
time
 Provide adequate warning if something is wrong
or if it is going to fail
 The AbioCor® Heart
 Implanted into 59 year old
Robert Tools on July 2,
2001 at Jewish Hospital in
Louisville KY (96 days)
 Patient is able to walk
around, organs are
functioning normally,
undergoing daily
rehabilitation for eventual
release
How the AbioCor® Heart
Works
 Hydraulic pump forces
blood to lungs and body
 Power is provided by an
internal rechargeable
battery
 Battery is recharged by
coils on surface and below
skin
 Internal controller
monitors system and
controls pump speed
 Surgical Procedure
 Implant controller, battery
and coil
 Connect patient to heart-
lung machine
 Cut away ventricles
 Sew grafts onto atria and
arteries
 Connect implants to grafts
 Remove patient from
heart-lung machine
 AbioCor® Design Criteria
 Grapefruit size, weighs 2 lbs, requires a 7 hour
surgery for implantation
 Can provide up to 8 liters/min of blood to the
lungs and body
 Has two chambers for pumping deoxygenated
blood to the lungs and oxygenated blood to the
body
 Wireless energy transfer system allows for
continuous operation
 Internal controller monitors operation