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Eugene Gatete
Convection
• Learning Outcomes
• Calculating convective heat transfer coefficient in forced convection
flow systems
• Carry out an analysis of fluid dynamics and energy balance to
understand effects on heat transfer
• Evaluate the temperature distribution and heat transfer rate from
heated surface to fluid
Fundamental considerations
• Types of convection
• Natural/free
• Fluid motion as a result of HT
• Forced
• Fluid motion due to external agency
Forced versus free convection
www.mhtlab.uwaterloo.ca/courses
Convection rate
www.education.jlab.org
• Geometry
• Plate, cylinder, sphere, etc.
• Flow
• Forced/free, steady/transient, laminar/turbulent, fluid velocity
• External/internal
• Fluid properties
• k, density, heat capacity, viscosity, thermal diffusivity, etc.
Classification of Fluid Flows
• Viscous/inviscid
• Laminar/turbulent
• Compressible/Incompressible
• Natural/Forced
• Steady/Unsteady
Viscosity
• Measure of fluid resistance to gradual deformation by shear
stress
• Due to friction when neighboring particles move at different
velocities
• Depends on T, P
• Dynamic viscosity, μ
• Resistance to fluid flow under an applied force
• Kinematic viscosity, ν = μ/ρ
• Also known as momentum diffusivity
• Rate at which momentum diffuses through a fluid
due to molecular motion
• Analogous to thermal diffusivity α=k/ρCp
• Shear stress τ=μ(du/dy)
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viscosity
Laminar Flow
• Parabolic profile – smooth, highly ordered flow
• Molecules move from one lamina to another, carrying a
momentum corresponding to the velocity of flow
• Net momentum transport from regions of high velocity to low
velocity – creating a force in the direction of flow (viscous
shear force)
• Rate of momentum transfer depends on rate of movement of
molecules across the layers
Turbulent Flow
• No distinct layers
• Macroscopic chunks of fluid transport energy and momentum
• More energy and momentum transfer compared to laminar
flow
• Larger viscous-shear force compared to laminar flow
Laminar and Turbulent flows
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WG-YCpAGgQQ
Reynold’s number
• Ratio of the inertial forces to viscous forces in the fluid
• Re=ud/ν or Gd/μ (G=mass vel=ρum)
• Critical Reynolds number (Recr) for flow in a round pipe
Re < 2300 laminar
2300 ≤ Re ≤ 4000 transitional
Re > 4000 turbulent
U U
U U
Dye streak
laminar turbulent
transition
Boundary layer thickness (d): defined as the distance away from the surface where
the local velocity reaches 99% of the free-stream velocity, that is u(y=d)=0.99U.
Boundary layer is usually very thin: d/x usually << 1.
Flat plate: Laminar boundary layer
Continuity Equation
The Momentum Equation
• Assume
Viscous forces
(normal stress,
shear stress)
The Momentum Equation
Velocity equation
Integral momentum analysis
• Assume
• Energy balance
Energy equation of the laminar boundary
layer
• Energy equation for the laminar boundary layer using continuity
relation
• LHS: net energy into control vol; RHS: sum of net heat conducted out
and net viscous work done on the system
• Viscous work is only important at high velocities (relatively)
• For low velocity incompressible flow
Thermal boundary layer
d d, dT
dT
Pr = 1
Pr >>1 =
e.g., air and gases have Pr ~
>>
1
e.g., oils (0.7 - 0.9)
dT
d
Pr <<1
<<
e.g., liquid metals
Hydrodynamic and thermal boundary layers for steady flow of fluid past an
immersed plate. Fluid temperature is T∞ and plate surface temperature is
Tw; fluid velocity is u0.
Entire plate is heated at top while there is an unheated length x0 at
bottom
http://liquid-cooling.org/docs/liquid-cooling-theory-application/
Thermal boundary layer
These are local values of h in terms of the distance from the leading edge of the
plate and the fluid properties
Average vs local h
• Friction coefficient Cf
• Ratio of frictional forces between two bodies and the force
pressing them together
• Shear stress at wall
or
Reynold’s Colburn analogy, relation between fluid friction and heat transfer for
laminar flow on a flat plate.
• Does not apply to laminar tube flow
• Applies to turbulent flow over a flat plate
Summary of Laminar flow regime
• Nature
• Oceanic currents
• Land-sea breezes
• Industry
• Temperature control of circuit board components
• Food industry (cooling without fans, ovens without fans)
• Building design (heating and ventilation control)
• Hot radiator used for heating a room
Summary of Chapter 7
• u = 0 at y = 0 and y = δ, du/dy=0 at y = δ g
x
y
u
Grashof number
• Boundary layer thickness
d
3.93 Pr 1 / 2 0.952 Pr Grx1 / 4
1/ 4
• Velocity profile u y y
(1 ) 2
ux d d
Nu f C (Grf Prf ) m or
7.5 7.5
7.6 7.6
Examples: