BARKATULLAH UNIVERSITY INSTITUTE

OF TECHNOLOGY
BARKATULLAH UNIVRSITY, BHOPAL

PRESENTATION ON ANTENNA

Submitted to:- Submitted by:-

Ms. Anita Jhamalia Praveen Kumar Prajapati
Introduction
An antenna is an electrical conductor or system of
conductors
Transmission - radiates electromagnetic energy into space
Reception - collects electromagnetic energy from space
In two-way communication, the same antenna can be used
for transmission and reception
Antenna Definition
An antenna is a circuit element that provides a
transition form a guided wave on a transmission
line to a free space wave and it provides for the
collection of electromagnetic energy.
Reciprocity
An antenna ability to transfer energy form the
atmosphere to its receiver with the same efficiency
with which it transfers energy from the transmitter into
the atmosphere
Antenna characteristics are essentially the same
regardless of whether an antenna is sending or
receiving electromagnetic energy
Polarization
Polarization is the direction of the electric field and is the
same as the physical attitude of the antenna
A vertical antenna will transmit a vertically polarized wave
The receive and transmit antennas need to possess the
same polarization
Types of Antennas
Isotropic antenna (idealized)
Radiates power equally in all directions
Dipole antennas
Half-wave dipole antenna (or Hertz antenna)
Quarter-wave vertical antenna (or Marconi antenna)
Parabolic Reflective Antenna
Beamwidth
Beamwidth is the angular
separation of the half-power points
of the radiated pattern
 Half-wave Dipole (Hertz) Antenna

An antenna having a physical length that is one-

half wavelength of the applied frequency is called a
Hertz antenna or a half-wave dipole antenna.
Hertz antennas are not found at frequencies below
2MHz because of the physical size needed of the
antenna to represent a half-wave
 Vertical (Marconi) Antenna
Vertical Antennas are used for frequencies under 2
MHz. It uses a conducting path to ground that acts
as ¼ wavelength portion the antenna above the
ground. The above ground structure represents a
/4 wavelength
Counterpoise
Counterpoise is a grounding grid established
where the earth grounding cannot satisfy electrical
requirements for circuit completion. It is designed
to be non-resonant at the operating frequency
Antenna Array
Antenna array is a group of antennas or antenna
elements arranged to provide the desired directional
characteristics. Generally any combination of elements
can form an array. However, equal elements in a regular
geometry are usually used.
Yagi-Uda Antenna
The Yagi-Uda antenna is a simple
form of a directional antenna based
off of a reflector placed /4 from the
dipole antenna’s placement.
Complex analysis to define the
radiated patterns are experimental
rather than theoretical calculations
reflector
 /2 /4

dipole
antenna
 Radiation Resistance
Radiation Resistance is the portion of the
antenna’s impedance that results in power
radiated into space (i.e., the effective resistance
that is related to the power radiated by the
antenna. Radiation resistance varies with antenna
length. Resistance increases as the  increases
 Radiation Pattern
Radiation pattern is an indication of radiated field
strength around the antenna. Power radiated from a
/2 dipole occurs at right angles to the antenna with
no power emitting from the ends of the antenna.
Optimum signal strength occurs at right angles or
180° from opposite the antenna
Radiation Patterns
Radiation pattern
Graphical representation of radiation properties of an
antenna
Depicted as two-dimensional cross section
Beam width (or half-power beam width)
Measure of directivity of antenna
Reception pattern
Receiving antenna’s equivalent to radiation pattern
Antenna Gain
Antenna gain
Power output, in a particular direction, compared to that
produced in any direction by a perfect omnidirectional
antenna (isotropic antenna)
Effective area
Related to physical size and shape of antenna
Antenna Gain
Antenna gain is the measure in dB how much
more power an antenna will radiate in a certain
direction with respect to that which would be
radiated by a reference antenna
Propagation Modes
Ground-wave propagation
Sky-wave propagation
Line-of-sight propagation
Ground Wave Propagation
Ground Wave Propagation
Follows contour of the earth
Can Propagate considerable distances
Frequencies up to 2 MHz
Example
AM radio
Sky Wave Propagation
 LOS Wireless Transmission Impairments

Attenuation and attenuation distortion

Free space loss
Noise
Atmospheric absorption
Multipath
Refraction
Thermal noise
Thermal Noise
Thermal noise due to agitation of electrons
Present in all electronic devices and transmission media
Cannot be eliminated
Function of temperature
Particularly significant for satellite communication
Antenna Height
Antenna height above the ground is directly related to
radiation resistance. Ground reflections causing out-of-
phase signals to be radiated to receiving antennas will
degrade the transmission. Physical length and
electrical length of most antennas are approximately
95% of the physical length. Ideal antenna height is
usually based on trial and error procedures
Phased Array Antenna
Phased Array antennas are a
combination of antennas in which
there is a control of the phase and
power of the signal applied at each
antenna resulting in a wide variety
of possible radiation patterns
 Antenna Installation Considerations

Safety
standard operating procedure priority
Grounding
lightning strikes
static charges
Surge protection
lightning searches for a second path to
ground
Antenna Installation Considerations
Base, mast, and supporting
structure needs clearance,
serviceability (access), and complies
with state, federal, and municipal
guidelines