Definition of Information Technology(IT)

Information Technology (IT)

‘Information technology (IT) is the use of any computers, storage, networking and other
physical devices, infrastructure and processes to create, process, store, secure and
exchange all forms of electronic data.’

‘Set of tools, processes, and methodologies (such as coding/programming, data

communications, data conversion, storage and retrieval, systems analysis and design,
systems control) and associated equipment employed to collect, process, and present
information. In broad terms, IT also includes office automation, multimedia, and
telecommunications.’

Information, Communication and Technologies (ICT)

ICT is sometimes used synonymously with IT (for information technology); however, ICT
is generally used to represent a broader, more comprehensive list of all components
related to computer and digital technologies than IT.
Information System (IS)
‘A combination of hardware, software, infrastructure and trained personnel organized
to facilitate planning, control, coordination, and decision making in an organization.’

1
 Components of IS

Computer
Network -Servers
(LAN/WAN) -PCs/Work Sta

Software
- Application
-Network
Database IT Pers
(RDBMS) Sys & DBA
Operators
(Data Entry)

Procedure
(How to Use)
 What is a Business Organization

A business organization is an individual or group of people that

collaborate to achieve certain commercial goals. Some business
organizations are formed to earn income for owners. Other
business organizations, called nonprofits, are formed for public
purposes.

Business Meaning
All businesses have commercial objectives. For-profit businesses
sell products or services to generate revenue and earnings.
Success depends on the ability to gain more in revenue than is
spent on fixed and variable expenses
Components of Organization: How to mange those
1. Tasks/Functions resource and activities
?????
How the efficiency of
2. Structures( Different Levels) managing those resource
and activities enhanced
3. Location( Different Locations) with help of IT???? 3
 SHARING OF INFORMATION IN AN BUSINESS
ORGANIZATION

• Information sharing between Different

Functions
• Information sharing between Different Levels
• Information sharing between Different
Locations

4
Benefits of IT in Business Organization

• Quick retrieval, dissemination, and sharing of data/info

• Instantaneous report generation to assist planning and
decision making process
• Provide support for Efficient function of other activities of
the organization .
• Effective utilization of Human and other Resource
• Reduce HR related and other overhead expenditure
• Facilitate Office Automation
• Saving Time and Money
• Reduce human error and mistakes
• Enhance transparency
• Quick and timely decision making abilities
• Enhance Overall Efficiency and competitive Advantage
McGraw-Hill Technology Education Copyright © 2006 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
 Chapter 1A

Introducing Computer Systems

 The Computer Defined
• Electronic device
• Process data and converts into ‘information’
that is useful for the people
• Modern computers are digital
– Two digits combine to make data (0, 1)

1A-8
 The Computer Defined
• Older computers were analog
– A range of values made data

1A-9
 The Computer Defined
• Older computers were analog
– A more manageable type -- the old-fashioned slide
rule

1A-10
 Generation of Computers
The Mechanical Era (1623-1900), Electromagnet, Punch cards, 1890.

• Abacus, 3000BC, first computer developed by China perform addition,

subtraction, multiplications, divisions and other mathematical operation

• Napier’s Bone, 17th century, used for logarithm operation by simple addition.

• Pascaline, 17th Century, Numerical wheel machine invented by Blaise Pascal,

first mathematical adding machine

• Difference Engine, and Analytical Engine designed in 1833 by Charles

Babbage known to be the father of modern digital computer.

• Punch Cards, 1890, Herman Hollerth,

1A-11
 Generation of Computers
• First generation Electronic Computer (1937-1953), Atanasoff-
Berry computer, Havard Mark-I(IBM), ENIAC, EDVAC (Vacuum Tube)..
• Second -Generation (1954-1962), TRADIC (transistor), IBM 704, TX-O,
LARC (Super Computer), IBM 7030…microchips, multiprogramming..

• Third-Generation(1963-1972), SYSTEM/360 (IC). PDP-8, CDC 7600

(FORTAN 70), INTEL 4004(Microprocessor), INTEL 8008 (8-bit).. RAM, Mouse,
Microprocessor, Floppy Disk, Dot-matrix Printer

• Fourth-Generation(1972-1984), ALTO, APPLE I, IBM PC , LISA,

MACINTOSH(graphics)…MS DOS, Word Processor, Ethernet, Laser Printer

• Fifth-Generation(1984-1990), IBM PC-AT, PC/RT, PS/2(OS/2), Intel 80486,

Video Toaster….CD ROM, Windows Programme

• Sixth-Generation(1990- till date), PowerBook, Pentium Microprocessor,

Sun Ultra Workstation, iMac, Apple iMac Pedestal Computer, Power Mac
G5…..WWW.html,http, Web TV

1A-12
Features of Computer Generation
• Development of Solid state Technology:
Mech Device Vacuum Tube Transistor Chips/IC
Microprocessors
• Speed : Increasing
• Storage Capacity : Increasing
• Development of Software: System software, Operating
System, Application Software, Network operating Software,
Utility software ……
• Use : from Scientific/research to organizational and then
common purpose and individual
: From professional to common user
• Cost: Decreasing in terms of capacity and speed
• Size : Decreasing 1A-13
 Features of Computer
• Speed
• Accuracy
• Storage
• Diligence
• Versatility
• Memory
• Reliability
• Automation
Limitations:
- No Wisdom/IQ
- No Feeling/Emotion
1A-14
 Types of Computers
Two Basic Type of Computer
• Analog
• Digital
Computer for
Organizational Use: Computer for Individual Use :SIX
• Super Computer Primary Types of Microcomputer or
• Mainframe Computer Personal Computer (PC)
• Minicomputer • Desktop Computers
• Microcomputer (PC) • Workstations
• Network Server • Notebook Computers
• Tablet Computers
• Handheld Computers
• Smartphone
1A-15
 Computers for Individual Use
• Computers can
be shared by
multiple users
but can be used
by only one
person at a time.

1A-16
 Computers for Individual Use
• Although PCs are used by individuals, often
called microcomputer,
they also can be connected together to create
networks.

1A-17
 Computers for Individual Use
• Desktop computers
– The most common type of computer
– Sits on the desk or floor
– Performs a variety of tasks

1A-18
 Computers for Individual Use
• Desktop computers
– Different design types

1A-19
Computers for Individual Use
• Workstations
– Specialized computers
– Optimized for science or graphics
– More powerful than a desktop performing
sophisticated tasks

1A-20
 Computers for Individual Use
• Notebook computers
– Small portable computers
– Weighs between 3 and 8 pounds

1A-21
 Computers for Individual Use
• Notebook computers
– About 8 ½ by 11 inches
– Typically as powerful as a desktop
– Can include a docking station

1A-22
Computers for Individual Use
• Tablet computers
– Newest development
in portable computers
– Input is through
a pen/touch
– Run specialized
versions of office
products

1A-23
 Computers for Individual Use
• Handheld computers, palm computer
– Very small computers
– Personal Digital Assistants (PDA)
– Note taking or contact management
– Data can synchronize with a desktop

1A-24
 Computers for Individual Use
• Smart phones
– Hybrid of
cell phone
and PDA
– Web surfing,
e-mail access

1A-25
Types of Computers for Organizations

• Network Server
• Super Computer
• Mainframe Computer
• Minicomputer
• Microcomputer (PC)

1A-26
 Computers for Organizations
• Network servers
– Centralized computer
– All other computers connect

1A-27
 Computers for Organizations
• Network servers
– Provides access to network resources
– Multiple servers are called server farms
– Often simply a powerful desktop: Google

1A-28
 Computers for Organizations
• Network servers
– Flexibility to different kinds of tasks

Computers for Organizations

1A-29
 Computers for Organizations
• Network servers
– Users use the Internet as a means of connecting
even if away from the offices.

1A-30
Computers for Organizations
• Mainframes
– Used in large organizations
– Handle hundred and thousands of users
– Users access through a terminal (dump, Intelligent, PC)

1A-31
 Computers for Organizations
• Mainframes
– Large and powerful systems
– Generally used for specific tasks

1A-32
 Computers for Organizations
• Minicomputers
– Called midrange computers
– Power between mainframe and desktop
– Handle dozens and hundreds of users
– Used in smaller organizations
– Users access through a terminal

1A-33
Computers for Organizations
• Supercomputers
– The most powerful
computers made
– Handle large and
complex calculations
– Process trillions of
operations per second
– House thousands of
processors
– Found in research
organizations

1A-34
 Computers in Society
• More impact than any other invention
– Changed work and leisure activities
– Used by all demographic groups
• Computers are important because:
– Provide information to users
– Information is critical to our society
– Managing information is difficult

1A-35
 Computers in Society
• Impact of computers
– Like the Impact of automobile

1A-36
 Computers in Society
• The benefits of using computers
– As varied as users
– “ Computer have changed our world” or “ Computer
have changed the way we do everything”

1A-37
 Computers in Society
• Computers at home
– Many homes have multiple computers
– Most American homes have Internet

1A-38
 Computers in Society
Computers at home
• Computers are used for
• Communication
• Business work at home
• Entertainment
• Schoolwork
• Finances

1A-39
 Computers in Society
• Computers in education
– Computer literacy required at all levels
• Computers are
used in schools
for teaching
• Computers are
used for
mathematical
calculation
• Students can do
their work by
using computer
1A-40
 Computers in Society
• Computers in small business
– Makes businesses more profitable
– Allows owners to manage accounts, inventory,
customers….

1A-41
 Computers in Society
• Computers in industry
– Computers are
used to design
products
- Shipping tracking
– Assembly
lines are
automated

1A-42
 Computers in Society
• Computers in government
• Population; Necessary to track data for population
• Police deparment
• Tax calculation and collection
• Military

**Governments were the first computer users

1A-43
 Computers in Society
• Computers in health care
– Revolutionized health care
– New treatments possible
– Scheduling of patients has improved
– Delivery of medicine is safer
– Diagnosis(Ultrasono, MRI, CT scan…)
– Pathological tests

1A-44
 Computers in Society
• Computers in Banking
– Automated ledger and account book
– Bankers’ Automated Clearance Services(BACS)
– Online Banking
– Automated Teller Machine(ATM)

1A-45
 Computers in Society
• Computers in Communication
– Electronic Mail(Email)
– Audio and Video Conferencing
– News Group
– Instant Messaging(IM)
– Social Networking (facebook, LinkedIn….)

1A-46
 Computers in Society
• Computers in Retail
– Billing
– Stock Control
– Auto Transferring money from Customers Account
– Electronic Fund Transferring
– Internet Shopping

1A-47
Chapter 1A

End of Chapter